The Cultural Differences in Business Activities商英.docx

The Cultural Differences in Business Activities商英.docx

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TheCulturalDifferencesinBusinessActivities商英

中国某某某某学校

学生毕业设计（论文）

题目：

TheCulturalDifferencesinBusinessActivities

姓名：

00000000

班级、学号：

0000000000000

系（部）：

经济管理系

专业：

商务英语

指导教师：

00000000

开题时间：

2009-4-10

完成时间：

2009-11-1

2009年11月1日

毕业设计任务书…………………………………………………1

毕业设计成绩评定表……………………………………………2

答辩申请书……………………………………………………3-5

正文……………………………………………………………6-21

答辩委员会表决意见…………………………………………22

答辩过程记录表………………………………………………23

课题TheCulturalDifferencesInBusinessActivities

一、课题（论文）提纲

0.引言：

1.文化的差异

握手

眼神

手势语

词汇的差异

句法的差异

语域的差异

2.谈判的差异

寒暄

交换信息

说服

妥协与成交

群体意识

集体观念

时间观念

结束语:

二、内容摘要

随着经济全球化的发展,国际商务合作与交易等跨国经济活动与日俱增,由文化差异引起的商务活动中的冲突日益被越来越多的学者与商务人士所重视。

本文从语言﹑谈判、价值观三个方面分析了商务活动过程中中西文化的主要差异。

这对于我们有效地进行商务活动，促进跨文化交际的进行，有着十分重要的意义。

三、参考文献

1、毕继万.跨文化非语言交际[M].外语教学与研究出版社1999

2、金惠康.跨文化交际翻译续篇[M].中国对外翻译出版公司2004

3、庄恩平.跨文化商务沟通案例教程[M].上海外语教育出版社2004

TheCulturalDifferencesinBusinessActivities

000000000

Abstract:

Withthedevelopmentofeconomicglobalization,internationalbusinesscooperationandtransactions,cross-bordercooperationisincreasingdaybyday.Moreandmorescholarsandbusinesspeopleareawareofconflictwhichhavecausedbyculturaldifferencesduringthebusiness.Thisarticleanalyzesthemainculturaldifferencesbetweenchinaandwesterncountriesinbusinessactivitiesfromthreeaspects:

language,culture,values.Itisofsignificanceforustoeffectivelycarryoutbusinessactivitiesandpromotecross-culturalcommunication.

Keywords：

businessactivities；culturesdifferences；Conflict

0．Introduction

WithourcountryjoininWTO，foreigntradearefrequentlyincreasing,businessactivityisnotonlyawayofcommunicationandcooperationineconomicsector,butalsoakindofcollisionandameansofculturalexchangebetweeneverycountry.Businessactivitywasinfluencedbynationalitypolitics,economy.Culturevariousfactorsfromeachcountry.However,culturalfactoristhemostdifficulttograsp.Sofar,peoplewithdifferencebackgroundsgaveplentyofdefinitionstocultural.Butincommonmeaning,culturereferstotheintegrationofknowledge，belief，art，law，ethic，custom，habit,suchintegrationdeterminespeople’svaluesandpsychologicalqualityandlivinginspecificenvironment.Ithassanctionandeffectonbehaviorofpeoplewiththesameculturalbackground.Everycountryhastheirparticularculture,history,custometc,thesedifferencesincultureresultintheculturecollisionevenconflictduringtheinternationalbusinessactivity.Quiteapartofbusinessactivitiesfailedoutofthemisunderstandingofculture，whichdirectlyaffectsinternationalbusinessactivitygoingonsmoothly.Internationalbusinessactivitiesareperformedacrosstheborders,whichmeansthatwehavetorealizethatitisessentialforustorecognizediffernationalculturalbackgroundandconsiderdifferentculturesduringthebusinessactivity.Andtoavoidweaknessesbasis,itwouldbemorelikelytoperformasuccessfulbusinessnegotiation.

1.Culturedifferences

1.1Non-languageexpressivedifference

Duringtheinternationalbusinessactivity,forexample：

Negotiations,eachsideofnegotiateexpressselfopinionandfeelalsothroughgestureandfacialexpressionbodylanguage,besidesuseorallanguagecommunion.Becauseofculturaldifference,themethodofbodylanguageexpressionanditsmeaninghavedifferent.HereIwillcomparetheirdifferentfromthreeofaspects.

Handshake

Handshakehasbecomeacommonetiquettehabitinmanycountries.HandshakeceremonyisthemostvulgateinChina.Inasenseitisactuallythemostcommonetiquetteinthesocialoccasionofinternationalcommunity.Inchina,shakehandsbytwopeople,asingreetingorleavetakeorevenhalf-wayconversationalsohandshakesincetheirhavehighdegreeofconsensusofopinion,thishandshakemeansthebetweenofrelationwhatmakemorenarrowerfurther.Ofcourse,differentcountriesshakehanddifferently.forexample:

whenAmericanthefirstmeeting,theyintroduceeachotherverysimple,onlytheformaloccasiontheyshakehandeachother,handshakeshouldbeshortandpowerfulafterintroduction,theythinkapowerfulhandshakerepresentativecordialityandstraightforwardness.InpublicoccasionAmericanLadieswillholdsoutherhandinitiatively.Thenmencouldshakewomen’shands,buthandshakecannotbetootight.Manshouldtakeoffglovesbeforehandshake,ifwomenhavenointentionofshakinghand,menshouldnodorbowinsalutation.andalsoAmericanareusuallynothandshakeinfarewell，Chinesealwayssayhellobeforetheyhaveameetorhandshakeaftertheyleavetheparty.

Eyesight

"Eyesarethewindowsofthesoul",whichevercountrycannotbeseparatedfromeyecontactwithotherswhencommunicativeactivities,butdifferentcultureleadtothemeaningofeyeexchange.Ifyoufixeyeonothersides,Chinesehaveanuneasy,especiallylady’s,theylookawayfromavoidingmeetothersgaze,itshowChinesewomen’sakindofcowardlyculturalpracticeshabit.Westernersfixeyesonpartnerwhentheyparticipateinconversation,itexpressmutualrespectforeachother,absorption,interest,InUnitedStates,eyecontactduringtheconversation,Itexpressself-confident,cordiality,itshouldbenotedthatifamenstareatanothermanforalongtimehemightbeahomosexuality.InBritain,itispolitebehaviorstolookdirectlyintoother’seyeswhileyoutalkingwithhim.ButifyoudoingthisinJapan,peoplewillthinkyouarerudeanddangerous.Eveniftoday,mostofJapanesewouldavoidthekindofembarrassingandwillnotlookattheotherpartnerdirectly.Becausetheythinktoomuchdirecteye-contactwithothersidewouldmakesthemuncomfortable.Therefore,becauseofJapanesedonotlookdirectlyatothersideeyes,Chinesenegotiatorsmightthinks“whatwashappen,”becausewealwaysbelievethateyecontactisacommonwayofcommunication.

Gesturelanguage

Therearelotsexchangesofmovements,headmovementsandgesturesarequiteobvious.InChina,weoftentoshowourappreciationtoothersheldupthumbs-up,Thumbs-downmeaning"bad,worse”inAmerican,whileinJapan,thelittlefingeristhemeaningof”lover".SofarasOkgesture:

Chinesemayexpressmeaningof"three";Americansthink"good”,theysaid"no"or"zero"inFrance;Japansay"Isee";Indiasay"right”.Moreover,Americansoftenbentandshakehisindexfingertohailtootherpeoplearriveatfrontofthemselves,Chinesepeopleusethisgesturenotaskingpeoplebutanimalssuchas:

dogs,So,whentheAmericansmakethisgesturetotheChinese,Chinesewillfeelhumiliated.ForAnotherexample,thewayofgreetingthatcouldbenod,bow,shakehands,hug,kissorprickupeyebrows,duringdifferentculturalenvironments,itexpressdifferentemotionsandsignificance.Ifyoumismanagement,Thereiseithermakeajokesorbringmoretrouble.Suchas:

thewayofgreeting,Americanusuallyshakehandsenergeticallyandwarmly;Frenchholdhandfondly;Japaneseusuallybow;anthropologistsdonotthinkthatagestureexpressthesamemeaningsinthearoundtheworldorunderdifferentcircumstancesofoneregion.

1.2.Languageexpressivedifference

Vocabularydifferences

Vocabularydifferencesarethebasicprinciplesoflanguage,itisthecrutchforlarge-scalesystemslanguageexistence,soculturaldifferencesreflectedthemoststandoutabovethelevelofvocabulary,itcoveredthemostextensively.Theparticularityofthenationalculturehasleadtothe"lexicalgap"inlanguagesystem,suchas"privacy"means“Privacy","secret"or"personalmatters"andsoon.Butitsdeeperimplicationsrefertotherightofindependentspace.Evenifitexpressedoftherationalconceptissame,itwillproducedifferentassociativemeaningduetoculturaldifferences.Forexample,oneofcompanyinChinasells"whiteelephant"brandofbatteriestoforeigners,theytalkuphowisthewhiteelephantgoodperformingintheadtrumpets.ButtheydonotknowthatitcouldproducethemeaningundertheWesternculturebackground,anotherexample,whenyouwriteeye-catching"RestroomforForeignTeachers"ontheforeignteacher'sloungedoortoshowyourcare,youmaydonotknowthatthe"restroommeans"isanothernamefortoilet,thusaridiculoustoforeignexperts.Itisresultthattheseequatethelettertoamongofculturesresults.

Syntaxdifferences

ThemosttypicalofSyntacticdifferencesnomorethanbetweenChineseandWestern,India,Europelanguagecontrol.Englishishypotacticlanguage,ChineseistheParataxislanguage.Englishdefinemeaningunderform,throughrigorousmodalitychangestoshowinggrammaticalcategoriesandsemanticinformation.Particularly,Englishcarryonthefiniteverbasthecore,soastocontrolallkindsofcomponentsrelationshipwithinsentence,thecomplexofsubject-predicatesentencestructurecanbeachievedonlythroughenlargementofthepartswithinsentencelanguageexpandingfullnesswithinit.Allofpredicationissentences,However,Chinesedefineformundermeanings,therearenotcomplexdeformations,variantlatticesgrid,formoranyassociatecrosscorrelation,andwecanholdittogetherformasentencesonlyifthesemanticmatchinlinewithcommonsense.Sobothsemanticandpragmaticfactorsarelargerthanthesenseofwords"syntacticfactors”meaninginEnglish,itcouldloadthegreatofinformationcontent,thatmakeChinesewithastrongexpressiveforce.SpatialconfigurationofEnglishandChinese"run-onsentence”timemodearereflectedinsyntacticlevel.TaketheSino-Britishtradecorrespondenceforexample,tryingtocompareexpressionbetweentheChineseandEnglish,offersasfollowing:

"我们须申明,丝绒的需求殷