语言学复习范围.docx

语言学复习范围.docx

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语言学复习范围

I.Directions:

Fillintheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,thefirstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinONEwordonly.

1.Clear［1］anddark[ł]areallophonesofthesameonephoneme/1/.Theynevertakethesamepositioninsoundcombinations,thustheyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.（P24）

2.Morphemesarethesmallestmeaningfulunitsofmeaning,wordsarethesmallestfreeformfoundinlanguage.（P32）

3.Consonantsoundscanbeeither voicelessorvoiced,whileallvowelsoundsarevoiced.（P16）

4.Inmakingconversation,thegeneralprinciplethatallparticipantsareexpectedtoobserveiscalledtheCooperative principleproposedbyJ.Grice.（P86-87）

5.  Languageexistsintimeandchangesthroughtime.Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistoryisasynchronicstudy.Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.（P4）

6. Anessentialdifferencebetweenconsonantsandvowelsiswhethertheairstreamcomingupfromthelungsmeetswithanyobstructionwhenasoundisproduced.（P18）

7. XPmaycontainmorethanjustX.Forexample,theNP“theboywholikesthispuppy”consistsofDet,NandS,withDetbeingthespecifier,NtheheadandSthecomplement.（P46）

9.  Whilethemeaningofasentenceisabstractandde-contextualized,thatofanutteranceisconcreteandcontext-dependent.（P79）

11.Psycholinguisticsrelatesthestudyoflanguagetopsychology.Itaimstoanswersuchquestionsashowthehumanmindworkswhenpeopleuselanguage…（P3）

12.Adiachronicstudyoflanguageisahistoricalstudy;itstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.（P4）

13.Languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels.Atthelowerlevel,thereisastructureofmeaninglesssounds,whichcanbecombinedintoalargenumberofmeaningfulunitsatthehigherlevel.Thisdesignfeatureiscalleddualityordoublearticulation.（P9）

14.Thearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingiscontainedinthreeimportantareas:

thepharyngealcavity—thethroat,theoralcavity—themouth,andthenasalcavity—thenose.（P15）

16.Suprasegmentalfeaturessuchasstress,toneandintonationcaninfluencetheinterpretationofmeaning,thatis,theycandistinguishmeaning.（P27）

18.Homonymyreferstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.（P69）

19.Thethreebranchesofphoneticsarelabeledarticulatoryphonetics,auditoryphoneticsandacousticphoneticsrespectively.（P15）

21. Syntax_isabranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesandtherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.（P42）

22. Thenoun“tear”andtheverb“tear”arehomonymys.（P69）

23.Speechacttheoryisanimportanttheoryinthepragmaticstudyoflanguage.Itaimstoanswerthequestion“Whatdowedowhenusinglanguage?

”（P80）

24.Themodernlinguisticsismostlydescriptive,notprescriptive,anditsinvestigationsarebasedonauthenticandmainlyspokenlanguagedata.（P3）

25.Languereferstothelanguagesystemsharedbyacommunityofspeakerwhileparolecontrastedwithlangueinthatitistheconcreteactofspeakinginactualsituationsbyanindividualspeaker.（P4-5）

26.Insemantictriangle,therelationbetweenawordandathingitreferstoisnotdirect,anditismediatedbyconceptinthemind.（P63）

27.Twowaystotranscribespeechsoundsarenowavailable:

narrowtranscriptionandbroadtranscription.（P17）

28.Inthecooperativeprinciple,Griceintroducedfourcategoriesofmaxims.Theyaremaximofquality,maximofquantity,maximofrelationandmaximofmanner.（P87）

29.Pragmaticsisthestudyoflanguageinuse.（P77-78）

30.Historicallinguistics,asabranchoflinguistics,ismainlyconcernedwithboththedescriptionandexplanationoflanguagechangesthatoccurredovertime.（P93）

31.Grammaticalorfunctionalwordssuchasconjunctions,prepositions,articlesandpronounsareclosedclasswordswhilecontentwordssuchasnouns,verbsadjectivesandadverbsarecalledopenclasswords.（P32）

32.Wordsmayshiftfromonepartofthespeechtoanotherwithouttheadditionofaffixes,whichisalsocalledconversion.（P100）

33.Whilecomponentialanalysisisawaytoanalyzelexicalmeaning,predicationanalysisisawaytoanalyzesentencemeaning.（P72-73）

II.Directions：

Decidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.　

（T）1.Languageisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenwordsandwhatthesewordsactuallyreferto.

（T）2.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguagearefiniteinnumber,andyetthereisnolimittothenumberofsentencesnativespeakersofthatlanguageareabletoproduceandcomprehend.

（T）3.Twopeoplewhoarebornandbroughtupinthesametownandspeakthesameregionaldialectmayspeakdifferentlybecauseofanumberofsocialfactors.

（T）4.Inmodernlinguisticstudies,thespokenformoflanguageisgivenmoreemphasisthanthewrittenformforanumberofreasons.

（F）5.Thecompoundword“reading-room”istheplacewhereapersoncanreadbooks.Thisindicatesthatthemeaningofacompoundisthesumtotalofthemeaningsofitscomponents.

（T）6.OnlywhenamaximunderCooperativePrincipleisblatantlyviolatedandthehearerknowsthatitisbeingviolateddoconversationalimplicaturesarise.

（T）7.InEnglish,longvowelsarealsotensevowelsbecausewhenwepronouncealongvowelsuchas/i:

/,thelarynxisinastateoftension.

（T）8.Animportantdifferencebetweentraditionalgrammariansandmodernlinguistsintheirstudyoflanguageisthattheformertendedtoover-emphasizethewrittenformoflanguageandencouragepeopletoimitatethe“bestauthors”forlanguageusage.

（F）9.Theopen-classwordsincludeprepositions.

（T）10.Accordingtosemantictriangle,thereisnodirectlinkbetweenasymbolandreferent,i.e.betweenawordandathingitrefersto.

（T）11.Therelationshipof“flower”,“violet”,“rose”and“tulip”ishyponymy.

（F）12.Onlywordsofthesamepartsofspeechcanbecombinedtoformcompounds.（eg.sunrise）

（T）13.Linguistsbelievethatwhateveroccursinthelanguagepeopleuseshouldbedescribedandanalyzedintheirinvestigation.

（F）14.Theconclusionswereachaboutthephonologyofonelanguagecanbegeneralizedintothestudyofanotherlanguage.

（F）15.Themeaning-distinctivefunctionofthetoneisespeciallyimportantinEnglishbecauseEnglish,unlikeChinese,isatypicaltonelanguage.

（F）16.Whenwethinkofaconcept,weactuallytrytoseetheimageofsomethinginourmind’seyeeverytimewecomeacrossalinguisticsymbol.

（F）17.Allutterancescanberestoredtocompletesentences.Forexample,“Goodmorning！

”canberestoredto“Iwishyouagoodmorning.”

（T）18.Anychildwhoiscapableofacquiringsomeparticularhumanlanguageiscapableofacquiringanyhumanlanguagespontaneouslyandeffortlessly.

（F）19.AccordingtoN.Chomsky,“competence”istheactualrealizationofhisknowledgeinutterance.

（F）20.TheEnglishspellingexactlyrepresentsitspronunciation.

（F）21.Allthegrammaticallywell-formedsentencesaresemanticallywell-formed.

（T）22.Pragmaticsstudiestheaspectofmeaningthatisnotaccountedforbysemantics.

（F） 23.Anillocutionaryactistheconsequenceoforthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance.

（T）24.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

（T）25.Thewritingsystemofalanguageisalwaysalaterinventionusedtorecordspeech;thustherearestillmanylanguagesintoday’sworldthatcanonlybespoken,butnotwritten.

（F）26.InclassifyingtheEnglishconsonantsandvowels,thesamecriteriacanbeapplied.

（F）27.Parolereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.

（T）28.Conversationalimplicatureisakindofimpliedmeaning,deducedonthebasisoftheconventionalmeaningofwordstogetherwiththecontext,undertheguidanceoftheCPanditsmaxims.

（F）29.Pragmaticfailuremayoccurincross-culturalcommunication,i.e.betweenspeakersofdifferentculturalbackgrounds,butnotoccurinintra-culturalcommunicationi.e.betweenspeakersofthesameculturalbackground.

（T）30.Senseandreferencearetwotermsoftenencounteredinthestudyofmeaning.

III.Directions:

Explainthefollowingterms,usingoneortwoexamplesforillustrationwhennecessary.

1.diachroniclinguistics

Linguisticsthatstudieslanguageoveraperiodoftime,alsoknownashistoricallinguistics,e.g.thestudyoftheChineselanguagesincetheendoftheQingdynastyuptothepresent.

2.synchroniclinguistics

Linguisticsthatstudieslanguageatoneparticularpointoftime,e.g.thestudyofthekindofEnglishusedduringShakespeare’stime.

3.Language

Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

4.context

Contextisgenerallyconsideredasconstitutedbytheknowledgesharedbythespeakerandthehearer.

5.blending

Aprocessofforminganewwordbycombiningpartsofotherwords.E.g.smog---smoke+fog.

6.reference

Referenceiswhatalinguisticformreferstointherealworld;itisamatteroftherelationshipbetweentheformandthereality.

7.broadtranscription

Broadtranscriptionisthetranscriptionwithlettersymbolsonly.Itisthetranscriptionnormallyusedindictionariesandteachingtextbooks.

8.aminimalpair

Apairofsoundcombinationswhichareidenticalineverywayexceptonesound