语言学复习范围.docx

1、语言学复习范围I. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only. 1. Clear1and dark are allophones of the same one phoneme /1/. They never take the same position in sound combin

2、ations, thus they are said to be in complementary distribution. (P24)2. Morphemes are the smallest meaningful units of meaning, words are the smallest free form found in language. (P32)3. Consonant sounds can be eithervoiceless or voiced, while all vowel sounds are voiced. (P16)4. In making conversa

3、tion, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the Cooperativeprinciple proposed by J. Grice. (P86-87)5.Language exists in time and changes through time. The description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study. The description of a la

4、nguage as it changes through time is a diachronic study. (P4)6.An essential difference between consonants and vowels is whether the air stream coming up from the lungs meets with any obstruction when a sound is produced. (P18)7.XP may contain more than just X. For example, the NP “the boy who likes

5、this puppy” consists of Det, N and S, with Det being the specifier, N the head and S the complement. (P46)9.While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and de-contextualized, that of an utterance is concrete and context-dependent. (P79)11. Psycholinguistics relates the study of language to psycholog

6、y. It aims to answer such questions as how the human mind works when people use language (P3)12. A diachronic study of language is a historical study; it studies the historical development of language over a period of time. (P4)13. Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or t

7、wo levels. At the lower level, there is a structure of meaningless sounds, which can be combined into a large number of meaningful units at the higher level. This design feature is called duality or double articulation. (P9)14. The articulatory apparatus of a human being is contained in three import

8、ant areas: the pharyngeal cavitythe throat, the oral cavitythe mouth, and the nasal cavitythe nose. (P15)16. Suprasegmental features such as stress, tone and intonation can influence the interpretation of meaning, that is, they can distinguish meaning. (P27)18. Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that

9、 words having different meanings are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. (P69)19. The three branches of phonetics are labeled articulatory phonetics, auditory phonetics and acoustic phonetics respectively. (P15)21.Syntax_ is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form

10、 sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences. (P42)22.The noun “tear” and the verb “tear” are homonymys. (P69)23. Speech act theory is an important theory in the pragmatic study of language. It aims to answer the question “What do we do when using language?” (P80)24. The modern li

11、nguistics is mostly descriptive, not prescriptive, and its investigations are based on authentic and mainly spoken language data. (P3)25. Langue refers to the language system shared by a community of speaker while parole contrasted with langue in that it is the concrete act of speaking in actual sit

12、uations by an individual speaker. (P4-5)26. In semantic triangle, the relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct, and it is mediated by concept in the mind.(P63)27. Two ways to transcribe speech sounds are now available: narrow transcription and broad transcription. (P17)28. In t

13、he cooperative principle, Grice introduced four categories of maxims. They are maxim of quality, maxim of quantity, maxim of relation and maxim of manner. (P87)29. Pragmatics is the study of language in use. (P77-78)30. Historical linguistics, as a branch of linguistics, is mainly concerned with bot

14、h the description and explanation of language changes that occurred over time. (P93)31. Grammatical or functional words such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns are closed class words while content words such as nouns, verbs adjectives and adverbs are called open class words. (P32)3

15、2. Words may shift from one part of the speech to another without the addition of affixes, which is also called conversion. (P100)33. While componential analysis is a way to analyze lexical meaning, predication analysis is a way to analyze sentence meaning.(P72-73) II. Directions：Decide whether each

16、 of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement.( T )1. Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between words and what these words actually refer to.( T ) 2. The syntactic rules of any language

17、 are finite in number, and yet there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.( T ) 3. Two people who are born and brought up in the same town and speak the same regional dialect may speak differently because of a number of social fac

18、tors. ( T ) 4. In modern linguistic studies, the spoken form of language is given more emphasis than the written form for a number of reasons. ( F ) 5. The compound word “reading-room” is the place where a person can read books. This indicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the m

19、eanings of its components. ( T ) 6. Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violated and the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversational implicatures arise. ( T ) 7. In English, long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel such as /i:/, the

20、 larynx is in a state of tension.( T ) 8. An important difference between traditional grammarians and modern linguists in their study of language is that the former tended to over-emphasize the written form of language and encourage people to imitate the “best authors” for language usage.(F) 9. The

21、open-class words include prepositions. ( T ) 10. According to semantic triangle, there is no direct link between a symbol and referent, i.e. between a word and a thing it refers to. ( T ) 11. The relationship of “flower”, “violet”, “rose” and “tulip” is hyponymy.( F ) 12. Only words of the same part

22、s of speech can be combined to form compounds. (eg. sunrise)( T ) 13. Linguists believe that whatever occurs in the language people use should be described and analyzed in their investigation.( F ) 14. The conclusions we reach about the phonology of one language can be generalized into the study of

23、another language.( F ) 15. The meaning-distinctive function of the tone is especially important in English because English, unlike Chinese, is a typical tone language.( F ) 16. When we think of a concept, we actually try to see the image of something in our minds eye every time we come across a ling

24、uistic symbol.( F ) 17. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences. For example, “Good morning！” can be restored to “I wish you a good morning.”( T ) 18. Any child who is capable of acquiring some particular human language is capable of acquiring any human language spontaneously and effort

25、lessly.( F ) 19. According to N. Chomsky, “competence” is the actual realization of his knowledge in utterance.( F ) 20. The English spelling exactly represents its pronunciation.( F ) 21. All the grammatically well-formed sentences are semantically well-formed.( T ) 22. Pragmatics studies the aspec

26、t of meaning that is not accounted for by semantics.( F )23. An illocutionary act is the consequence of or the change brought about by the utterance.( T ) 24. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. ( T ) 25. The writing system of a language is always a later in

27、vention used to record speech; thus there are still many languages in todays world that can only be spoken, but not written.( F ) 26. In classifying the English consonants and vowels, the same criteria can be applied.( F ) 27. Parole refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members

28、 of a speech community.( T ) 28. Conversational implicature is a kind of implied meaning, deduced on the basis of the conventional meaning of words together with the context, under the guidance of the CP and its maxims.( F ) 29. Pragmatic failure may occur in cross-cultural communication, i.e. betwe

29、en speakers of different cultural backgrounds, but not occur in intra-cultural communication i.e. between speakers of the same cultural background.( T ) 30. Sense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of meaning.III. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two exam

30、ples for illustration when necessary. 1. diachronic linguistics Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, e.g. the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.2. synchronic linguisticsLinguistics that studies

31、language at one particular point of time, e.g. the study of the kind of English used during Shakespeares time.3. LanguageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.4. contextContext is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and th

32、e hearer.5. blendingA process of forming a new word by combining parts of other words. E.g. smog- smoke + fog.6. referenceReference is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between the form and the reality. 7. broad transcription Broad transcription is the transcription with letter symbols only. It is the transcription normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks.8. a minimal pairA pair of sound combinations which are identical in every way except one sound