专四常考语法点汇总.docx
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专四常考语法点汇总
语法与词汇专项
语法核心考点一:
从属分句
复合句=主句+从句(1个或1个以上)
要点1从属分句是复合句必不可少的组成部分,以语法功能作为分类标准,从属分句可以分为状语从句、关系从句(即定语从句)和名词性从句。
其中状语从句可分为时间、地点、原因、结果、程度、目的、条件、让步和方式等;名词性从句可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。
要点2状语从句的考点集中在方式、条件、让步、方式和时间状语从句上;关系从句的考点集中在关系代词的选择,限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别;名词性从句的考点集中在宾语从句和同位语从句。
一状语从句
状语从句真题剖析:
1Nineistothree_____threeistoone.(2008,53)
A.whenB.thatC.whichD.what
2______hewantedtogooutwithhisfriendsattheweekend,hehadtostaybehindtofinishhisassignment.(2008,55)
A.MuchthoughB.MuchasC.AsmuchD.Thouthmuch
3Mendifferfromanimals____theycanthinkandspeak.(2008,54)
A.forwhichB.forthatC.inthatD.inwhich
4Theystoodchattingtogetheraseasilyandnaturallyas____.(2008,60)
A.itcouldbeB.couldbeC.itwasD.was
5Thecouplehadnosoonergottothestation______thecoachleft.(2009,60)
A.whenB.asC.untilD.than
6____thebosssays,itisunreasonabletoaskmetoworkovertimewithoutpay.(2010,55)
A.WhateverB.WheneverC.WhicheverD.However
7Fool____Jerryis,hecouldnothavedonesuchathing.
A.whoB.asC.likeD.that
8Heaskedmetolendhimsomemoney,whichIagreedtodo,___thathepaidmebackthefollowingweek.(2005)
A.onoccasionB.onpurposeC.onconditionD.onlyif
9Whichofthefollowingcontainsanadverbialclauseofcause?
A.IgotajobassoonasIleftuniversity.
B.Astherewasonanswer,Iwroteagain.
C.YoumustdotheexerciseasIshowyou.
D.Wealthyasheis,Markisnotahappyman.
状语从句重点总结:
(一)条件状语从句:
表示条件或假设,通常由以下连词或结构引导:
If如果
unless如果不;除非
aslongas只要
solongas只要
onconditionthat条件是
intheeventthat如果,在……的情况下
provided/providingthat假如
giventhat如果
suppose/supposingthat假如
assuming(that)假如
say假如
★特别提醒
几种不常用的条件状语从句举例:
Intheeventthatshecannotarriveontime,wewillgofirst.
Supposeitsnowed,wewouldstillgo.
Saywhathesaidweretrue,whatwouldyoudoaboutit?
(二)让步状语从句:
含有“虽然,尽管,即使”之意,主要引导词有:
though/although虽然
evenif/eventhough即使
nomatter+疑问词无论
疑问词+ever无论
inspiteofthefactthat尽管
while尽管
muchas不管……尽管……
forallthat尽管
as/though
granted/granting(that)虽然,尽管
★特别提醒
1.几种不常用的让步状语从句举例:
Inspiteofthefactthathewasdeafanddumb,hehadageniusformusic.
Whilethegrandparentslovethechildren,theyarestrictwiththem.
Muchassheneededthejob,shehadtorefuse.
Forallthattherewerealotofdifficulties,hefinallyenteredthefinalcompetitionandwon.
Grantedyouhavemademuchprogress,youshouldnotbeconceited.
2.用了although或though,就一定不能再后面的从句中同时用but,但是though可以和yet连用。
Althoughtheywereverytired,buttheystillworking.(true/false)
Thoughtheywereverytired,yettheystillworking.(true/false)
3.nomatter+疑问词不能引导主语从句和宾语从句,可用疑问词+ever来引导主语从句和宾语从句。
Nomatterwhathesayshasnothingtodowithme.(true/false)
Whateverhesayshasnothingtodowithme.(true/false)
Theoldmanbelievesnomatterwhathissontellshim(true/false)
Theoldmanbelieveswhateverhissontellshim(true/false)
4.as/though引导的让步状语从句如果有强调的部分,通常将强调的部分置于句首。
Youngashewas/Childashewas,hecoulddosomehouseworkforhismother.
=Youngthoughhewas/Childthoughhewas,hecoulddosomehouseworkforhismother.
=Thoughhewasyoung/Thoughhewasachild,hecoulddosomehouseworkforhismother.
注意:
as引导的让步状语从句必须倒装,though引导的可以倒装也可以不倒装。
5.forall(that)表示让步概念,“that”可以省略,相当于“inspiteof”或“inspiteofthefactthat”,其后可接短语或从句。
Forallthefinewordshemaysaytoyourface,hedoesnotlikeyouatheart.
Forall(that)yousay,hewillnotchangehismind.
(三)时间状语从句:
表示时间关系,引导词主要有以下:
表示“当…的时候”
when,while,as,justas,nesttime,thelasttime,eachtime,everytime,whenever
表示时间先后
before,after
表示“一……就……”
Assoonas,once,hardly…when/before…,scarecely…when/before,nosooner…than,directly,immediately,instantly,themoment/second/minute,
其他时间
Bythetime(到……的时候),itisthefirst/secondtime…,not…until(直到……才……),eversince(自从)
★特别提醒
1几种不常用的时间状语从句
Theywentintoactiondirectly/immediately/instantly/themomenttheyheardthealarm.
2几种需要用完成时态的时间状语从句
BythetimeIgotthere,theyhadleftfortheairport.
ItisthefirsttimethatIhavevisitedChina.
ItwasthesecondtimethatIhadvisitedChina.
Hehadhardlyescapedwhen/beforehewascaptured.
Ihadnosoonerreachedhomethanitbegantorain.
IhavebeenlivingthereallthetimesinceImovedtherein1992.
3否定词置于句首时注意倒装
Hardlyhadheescapedwhenhewascapured.
NosoonerhadIreachedtherethanitbegantorain.
4when引导时间状语从句,如果出现在后半句,可以表示“这时突然”之意。
Iwasalmosthurtwhenthebuscametoasuddenstop.
5表示时间先后的连词before可表示条件意义,译作“只有/必须……才能……”
Newideassometimeshavetowaitforyearsbeforetheyarefullyaccepted.
(四)比较状语从句:
可分为同级比较和不同级比较,同级比较通常由as引导,不同级比较通常由than引导。
注意几种特殊引导形式:
themore/less…themore/less越……,越……
justas…,so…正如……,也……
AistoBwhat/asCistoDA之于B就如C之于D一样
AsAistoB,(so)CistoD正如A之于B,C也之于D
no(notany)more…than……与……都不
no(notany)less…than……与……一样都
notsomuch…as…与其说……不如说
★特别提醒
1几种不常用比较状语从句
YouwereontimeandsowasI.(注意用倒装结构)
Foodistomenwhat/asoilistomachine.
Asfoodisimportanttomen,sooilistomachine.
Heisnomoreateacherthanweare.
Heisnolessateacherthanweare.
Itisnotsomuchtheactualpopulationoftheworldasitsrateofincreasethatcatchesmyattention.
Thesecretofsuccessisnotsomuchmoneyasastrongwill.
2注意比较状语从句中的省略结构,尤其需要注意根据省略的主语来选择谓语动词的单复数及动词时态。
Hehaspaidmoremoneythanhasbeenestimatedbefore.
(五)原因状语从句
主要引导词有:
as
because
since
nowthat
considering(that)鉴于,顾及到
seeingthat鉴于
inas/somuchas
notbecause…butbecause
inthat…因为,在于
★特别提醒
1几种不常用的时间状语从句
Consideringthattheshoesarehand-made,thepriceisreasonable.
Seeingthathewasreallyupset,wedecidedtoleavehimalone.
Athoroughphysicalexaminationisimportantinas/somuchasitservestoreassurethepatient.
Critismandself-criticismisnecessaryinthatithelpspeopletofindandcorrecttheirmistakes.
2because,since,as和for的区别:
Because表示原因语气最强,通常用来回答why引导的特殊疑问句。
Since语气不如because,而as语气不如since。
它们表达的往往是显而易见的原因或已经为人们所知的原因,强调的往往是主句而不是原因状语从句。
For通常作并列连词,是一种解释说明,不表示原因。
(六)方式状语从句:
表示以……的方式
as像,正如
(just)as…so…正如……,也……
asif好像,仿佛
asthough好像,仿佛
theway以……的方式
★特别提醒
1几种不常用的方式状语从句
Justaswateristofish,soairistoman
Treatothersthewayyouwantotherstreatyou.
(七)结果状语从句
So…that…如此……以至于……
Such…that…如此……以至于……
Withtheresultthat…结果是……
Somuchsothat…如此……以至于……
Tothedegreethat…到了……程度,以至于
Totheextentthat…到了……程度,以至于
★特别提醒
1几种不常用的结果状语从句
Alanlikeshamburgerssomuchsothatheeatsthemalmosteveryday.
ThebadnewsupsetmetothedegreethatIcouldnotfallintosleeplastnight.
2so…that结构中的so置于句首时,句子要用倒装语序。
Soabsorbedwasheinthenovelthathedidnotrealizeitwaseighto’clockalready.
3注意结果状语从句与目的状语从句的区别。
目的状语从句的引导词,主要有that(以便),sothat(以便);inorderthat(以便);forthepurposethat(以便);lest(以免);forfearthat(以免);incase(以防);inthehopethat(以望)。
其中lest引导的目的状语从句中使用虚拟语气。
Astrictsupervisionduringtheperiodiskeptlestthepatient(should)developanyphysicalandemotionaleffects.
(八)地点状语从句
表示地点,主要由where,wherever,anywhere,everywhere来引导。
Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.
Whereverhegoes,hewillbearwhathismothersaysinhismind.
Everywhereheshowedusaround,wesawgrenlawnsandbeautifulflowerbeds.
(九)对比状语从句
表示对比,主要由while或whereas来引导。
Thesolesareleather,whiletheuppersarecanvas.(鞋跟是皮的,而鞋面是帆布的)
二关系从句(定语从句)
定语从句真题剖析
1Iwasveryinterestedin____shetoldme.(2009)
A.allthatB.allwhichC.allwhatD.that
2Theparty,___Iwastheguestofhonor,wasextremelyenjoyable.(2006)
A.bywhichB.forwhichC.towhichD.atwhich
定语从句重点小结:
1定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
名称
意义
结构特点
功能
引导词
限制性定语从句
对先行词起限定作用;指特定的人或物;不可省略,否则影响句子的完整性
紧跟先行词,同先行词之间没有逗号隔开
修饰先行词
所有关系代词或关系副词
非限制性定语从句
对先行词作补充性的说明;如果省略,不影响句子的完整性
跟在先行词后,用逗号与主句隔开
修饰先行词或整个句子
Which,who,whom,as,介词+which(不能用that)
2关系代词和关系副词的用法
关系代词是用来指代先行词是人或物的名词或代词:
作用/功能
用于限制性或非限制性定语从句
只用于限制性定语从句
代替人
代替物
代替人或物
主语
who
which
that
宾语
whom
which
that
定语
whose(=ofwhom)
whose(ofwhom)
关系副词在定语从句中表示时间、地点或原因:
关系副词
被替代的先行词
在从句中的作用
When(=at,in,on,duringwhich)
表示时间的名词
时间状语
Where(=in,atwhich)
表示地点的名词
地点状语
Why(=forwhich)
只有reason
原因状语
3不用that只用which的情况
(a)在引导非限定性定语从句时。
(错)Thetree,thatisfourhundredyearsold,Isveryfamoushere.
(b)介词后不能用。
Wedependonthelandfromwhichwegetourfood.
Wedependonthelandthat/whichwegetourfoodfrom.
限制性定语从句只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
(1)当先行词是anything,everything,nothing(something除外),few,all,none,little,some等代词时,或者是由every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much,each等修饰时
Haveyoutakendowneverything(that)Mr.Lihassaid?
Thereseemstobenothing(that)seemsimpossibleforhimintheworld.
Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.
Thereislittle(that)Icandoforyou.
注意1:
部分时候that可以省略,如部分例句将that用括号括住。
注意2:
当先行词指人时,偶尔也可以用who
Anymanthat/.whohasasenseofdutywon’tdosuchathing.
(2)当先行词被序数词修饰
ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.
(3)当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时
ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveseen.
(4)当形容词被thevery,theonly,thesame,thelast修饰时
ThisistheverygooddictionarythatIwanttobuy,
Afterthefireinhishouse,theoldcaristheonlythingthatheowned.
(5)当先行词前面有who,which等疑问代词时
Whoisthemanthatisstandingthere?
WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost?
(6)当先行词既有人,也有动物或者物体时
Canyourememberthescientistandhistheorythatwehavelearned?
(7)当关系代词在定语从句中做表语
Thevillageisnolongertheonethatitusedtobe