专四常考语法点汇总.docx

1、专四常考语法点汇总语法与词汇专项语法核心考点一：从属分句复合句= 主句+从句（1个或1个以上）要点1 从属分句是复合句必不可少的组成部分，以语法功能作为分类标准，从属分句可以分为状语从句、关系从句（即定语从句）和名词性从句。其中状语从句可分为时间、地点、原因、结果、程度、目的、条件、让步和方式等；名词性从句可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。要点2 状语从句的考点集中在方式、条件、让步、方式和时间状语从句上；关系从句的考点集中在关系代词的选择，限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别；名词性从句的考点集中在宾语从句和同位语从句。一 状语从句状语从句真题剖析：1 Nine is to

2、three _ three is to one. (2008, 53)A. when B. that C. which D. what 2 _ he wanted to go out with his friends at the weekend, he had to stay behind to finish his assignment. (2008, 55)A. Much though B. Much as C. As much D. Thouth much 3 Men differ from animals _ they can think and speak. (2008, 54)A

3、. for which B. for that C. in that D. in which 4 They stood chatting together as easily and naturally as _. (2008, 60)A. it could be B. could be C. it was D. was 5 The couple had no sooner got to the station _ the coach left. (2009，60) A. when B. as C. until D. than 6 _ the boss says, it is unreason

4、able to ask me to work overtime without pay. （2010，55）A. Whatever B. Whenever C. Whichever D. However 7 Fool _ Jerry is, he could not have done such a thing. A. who B. as C. like D. that 8 He asked me to lend him some money, which I agreed to do, _ that he paid me back the following week. (2005)A. o

5、n occasion B. on purpose C. on condition D. only if 9 Which of the following contains an adverbial clause of cause?A. I got a job as soon as I left university. B. As there was on answer, I wrote again. C. You must do the exercise as I show you. D. Wealthy as he is, Mark is not a happy man. 状语从句重点总结：

6、（一）条件状语从句：表示条件或假设，通常由以下连词或结构引导：If 如果unless 如果不；除非as long as 只要so long as 只要on condition that 条件是in the event that 如果，在的情况下 provided/providing that 假如given that 如果suppose/supposing that 假如assuming (that ) 假如say 假如特别提醒几种不常用的条件状语从句举例：In the event that she can not arrive on time, we will go first. Suppo

7、se it snowed, we would still go. Say what he said were true, what would you do about it?（二）让步状语从句：含有“虽然，尽管，即使”之意，主要引导词有：though/although 虽然even if/even though 即使no matter + 疑问词 无论疑问词+ever 无论in spite of the fact that 尽管while 尽管much as 不管 尽管for all that 尽管as/thoughgranted/granting (that ) 虽然，尽管特别提醒1. 几

8、种不常用的让步状语从句举例：In spite of the fact that he was deaf and dumb, he had a genius for music. While the grandparents love the children, they are strict with them. Much as she needed the job, she had to refuse. For all that there were a lot of difficulties, he finally entered the final competition and won

9、. Granted you have made much progress, you should not be conceited. 2. 用了although或though，就一定不能再后面的从句中同时用but，但是though可以和yet 连用。Although they were very tired, but they still working. (true/false )Though they were very tired, yet they still working. (true/false )3. no matter +疑问词不能引导主语从句和宾语从句，可用疑问词+eve

10、r来引导主语从句和宾语从句。No matter what he says has nothing to do withme. (true/false )Whatever he says has nothing to do withme. (true/false )The old man believes no matter what his son tells him (true/false )The old man believes whatever his son tells him (true/false )4. as/though引导的让步状语从句如果有强调的部分，通常将强调的部分置于

11、句首。Young as he was/ Child as he was, he could do some housework for his mother. Young though he was/ Child though he was, he could do some housework for his mother. Though he was young/ Though he was a child, he could do some housework for his mother.注意：as 引导的让步状语从句必须倒装，though引导的可以倒装也可以不倒装。5. for al

12、l (that)表示让步概念，“that”可以省略，相当于“in spite of”或“in spite of the fact that”,其后可接短语或从句。For all the fine words he may say to your face, he does not like you at heart. For all (that) you say, he will not change his mind. （三）时间状语从句：表示时间关系，引导词主要有以下：表示“当的时候”when, while, as, just as, nest time, the last time, e

13、ach time, every time, whenever表示时间先后before, after 表示“一就”As soon as, once, hardly when/before, scarecelywhen/before, no soonerthan, directly, immediately, instantly, the moment/second/minute,其他时间By the time (到的时候), it is the first/second time, not until(直到才), ever since （自从）特别提醒1 几种不常用的时间状语从句They wen

14、t into action directly/immediately/instantly/the moment they heard the alarm.2 几种需要用完成时态的时间状语从句By the time I got there, they had left for the airport. It is the first time that I have visited China.It was the second time that I had visited China. He had hardly escaped when/before he was captured. I

15、had no sooner reached home than it began to rain.I have been living there all the time since I moved there in 1992.3 否定词置于句首时注意倒装Hardly had he escaped when he was capured. No sooner had I reached there than it began to rain. 4 when 引导时间状语从句，如果出现在后半句，可以表示“这时突然”之意。I was almost hurt when the bus came t

16、o a sudden stop.5 表示时间先后的连词before可表示条件意义，译作“只有/必须才能”New ideas sometimes have to wait for years before they are fully accepted.（四）比较状语从句：可分为同级比较和不同级比较，同级比较通常由as引导，不同级比较通常由than引导。注意几种特殊引导形式：the more/lessthe more/less 越，越just as, so 正如，也A is to B what/as C is to D A之于B就如C之于D一样As A is to B, (so) C is to

17、 D 正如A之于B，C也之于Dno(not any) more than 与都不no (not any) less than 与一样都not so muchas 与其说不如说特别提醒1 几种不常用比较状语从句You were on time and so was I. (注意用倒装结构)Food is to men what/as oil is to machine. As food is important to men, so oil is to machine.He is no more a teacher than we are. He is no less a teacher tha

18、n we are. It is not so much the actual population of the world as its rate of increase that catches my attention. The secret of success is not so much money as a strong will. 2 注意比较状语从句中的省略结构，尤其需要注意根据省略的主语来选择谓语动词的单复数及动词时态。He has paid more money than has been estimated before.（五）原因状语从句主要引导词有：asbecaus

19、esincenow thatconsidering (that) 鉴于，顾及到seeing that 鉴于in as/so much as not becausebut because in that因为，在于特别提醒1 几种不常用的时间状语从句Considering that the shoes are hand-made, the price is reasonable.Seeing that he was really upset, we decided to leave him alone. A thorough physical examination is important in

20、 as/so much as it serves to reassure the patient. Critism and self-criticism is necessary in that it helps people to find and correct their mistakes. 2 because，since，as和for的区别：Because表示原因语气最强，通常用来回答why引导的特殊疑问句。Since语气不如because，而as语气不如since。它们表达的往往是显而易见的原因或已经为人们所知的原因，强调的往往是主句而不是原因状语从句。For通常作并列连词，是一种解

21、释说明，不表示原因。（六）方式状语从句：表示以的方式as 像，正如(just) asso 正如，也as if 好像，仿佛as though 好像，仿佛the way 以的方式特别提醒1 几种不常用的方式状语从句Just as water is to fish, so air is to man Treat others the way you want others treat you. (七)结果状语从句Sothat 如此以至于Suchthat如此以至于With the result that 结果是So much so that如此以至于To the degree that 到了程度，以至

22、于To the extent that到了程度，以至于特别提醒1几种不常用的结果状语从句Alan likes hamburgers so much so that he eats them almost every day. The bad news upset me to the degree that I could not fall into sleep last night. 2 sothat 结构中的so置于句首时，句子要用倒装语序。So absorbed was he in the novel that he did not realize it was eight oclock

23、already. 3 注意结果状语从句与目的状语从句的区别。目的状语从句的引导词，主要有that (以便), so that (以便)；in order that （以便）；for the purpose that （以便）；lest （以免）；for fear that （以免）；in case （以防）；in the hope that （以望）。其中lest引导的目的状语从句中使用虚拟语气。A strict supervision during the period is kept lest the patient (should) develop any physical and em

24、otional effects. (八)地点状语从句表示地点，主要由where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere 来引导。Where there is a will, there is a way. Wherever he goes, he will bear what his mother says in his mind. Everywhere he showed us around, we saw gren lawns and beautiful flower beds. (九)对比状语从句表示对比，主要由while或whereas来引导。The soles

25、 are leather, while the uppers are canvas. (鞋跟是皮的，而鞋面是帆布的)二 关系从句（定语从句）定语从句真题剖析1 I was very interested in _ she told me. (2009)A. all that B. all which C. all what D. that 2 The party, _ I was the guest of honor, was extremely enjoyable. (2006)A. by which B. for which C. to which D. at which 定语从句重点小结

26、：1 定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句名称意义结构特点功能引导词限制性定语从句对先行词起限定作用；指特定的人或物；不可省略，否则影响句子的完整性紧跟先行词，同先行词之间没有逗号隔开修饰先行词所有关系代词或关系副词非限制性定语从句对先行词作补充性的说明；如果省略，不影响句子的完整性跟在先行词后，用逗号与主句隔开修饰先行词或整个句子Which, who, whom, as, 介词+which (不能用that)2 关系代词和关系副词的用法关系代词是用来指代先行词是人或物的名词或代词：作用/功能用于限制性或非限制性定语从句只用于限制性定语从句代替人代替物代替人或物主语whowhichth

27、at宾语whomwhichthat 定语whose (= of whom)whose (of whom)关系副词在定语从句中表示时间、地点或原因：关系副词被替代的先行词在从句中的作用When (= at, in, on, during which)表示时间的名词时间状语Where (= in, at which)表示地点的名词地点状语Why (= for which )只有reason原因状语3不用that只用which的情况(a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。(错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, Is very famous here.(b)

28、 介词后不能用。We depend on the land from which we get our food.We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.限制性定语从句只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况(1)当先行词是anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some等代词时，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much，each等修饰时Have you taken do

29、wn everything (that) Mr. Li has said?There seems to be nothing (that) seems impossible for him in the world.All that can be done has been done.There is little (that) I can do for you.注意1：部分时候that可以省略，如部分例句将that用括号括住。注意2：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用whoAny man that/.who has a sense of duty wont do such a thing.(2)

30、当先行词被序数词修饰The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.(3) 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时This is the best film that I have seen.(4) 当形容词被the very, the only，the same, the last 修饰时This is the very good dictionary that I want to buy,After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned.(5) 当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时Who is the man that is standing there?Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?(6) 当先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?(7) 当关系代词在定语从句中做表语The village is no longer the one that it used to be