CHEMISTRY.docx

CHEMISTRY.docx

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CHEMISTRY

CHEMISTRY

-For2010SAM

Chapter1Howtonamethecompounds

☐1.1Howtoclassifythematters

☐1.2Howtonamethecompounds

1.2.1Nomenclatureoftheions

1.2.2Nomenclatureoftheionic

compounds

1.2.3Nomenclatureoftheoxides

1.2.4Nomenclatureoftheacids

andbases

1.1Howtoclassifythematters

1.2Howtonamethecompounds

4.2.1Howtonametheions

ICations（positivelychargedparticles）

Forametalcation,thenameissimplythenameofthemetalfromwhichitisderived.

Example:

Na+sodiumMg2+magnesium

Al3+aluminiumK+potassium

Therearesomesituations,especiallywiththetransitionelements,whereametalcanformmorethanonepositiveion.

Todistinguishbetweenthedifferentcations,thechargeontheionisdesignatedwithaRomannumeralinbracketsimmediatelyfollowingthenameofthenameoftheion.

Example:

Cu2+copper（II）Fe3+iron（III）

Cu+copper（I）Fe2+iron（II）

Pb2+lead（II）Hg+mercury（I）

Pb4+lead（IV）Hg2+mercury（II）

Ni2+nickel（II）Sn2+tin（II）

Ni3+nickel（III）Sn4+tin（IV）

Exceptions:

☐Therearesomeexceptions,thepositivelychargedparticlesarenotformedfrommetalatoms.Theyhavetheirownnamesasfollows:

NH4+ammonium

NH3ammonia

H3O+hydronium

H2Ohydrogenoxide（water）

IIAnions

（negativelychargedparticles）

1.Monatomicanions

Amonatomicanionexistsasasingle-atomionwhichisderivedfromanon-metalatombygainingelectrons.

Monatomicionsarenamedbyadding‘-ide’tothestemofthenameofthenon-metalelementfromwhichitisderived.

Example:

F-fluoridefluorine

Cl-chloridechlorine

Br-bromidebromine

I-iodideiodine

N3-nitridenitrogen

O2-oxideoxygen

S2-sulfidesulfur

2.Polyatomicanions

Polyatomicanionsaremadefromtwoormorenon-metalatoms,especiallyonescontainingoxygen（oxyanions）.

a.TheionwithgeneralNo.ofoxygenatomsisgiventhesuffix‘-ate’.

NO3-nitrateSO42-sulfate

CO32-carbonatePO43-phosphate

b.TheionwiththesmallerNo.ofoxygenatomsisgiventhesuffix‘-ite’.

NO2-nitriteSO32-sulfite

c.TheionwiththesmallestNo.ofoxygenatomshastheprefix‘hypo-’andthesuffix‘-ite’.

ClO-hypochlorite

ClO2-chlorite

ClO3-chlorate

d.TheionwiththelargestNo.ofoxygenatomshastheprefix‘per-’andthesuffix‘-ate’.

ClO4-perchlorate

e.Oxyanionsthatcontainhydrogenarenamedbyusingtheword‘hydrogen’asaprefix.

TheNo.ofhydrogenatomsisalsoindicatedby‘di-’fortwo,‘tri-’forthree,andsoon.

Example:

HCO3-hydrogencarbonate/bicarbonate

HSO4-hydrogensulfate

HSO3-hydrogensulfite

HPO42-hydrogenphosphate

H2PO4-dihydrogenphosphate

Exceptions:

Cr2O72-dichromate

MnO4-permanganate

AlO2-aluminate

ZnO22-zincate

Nameofthecations+nameoftheanions

Example:

NaClsodiumchloride

CuSO4copper（II）sulfate

Note:

Neverforgetthevalenceinthebracketsforthecationshavemorethanoneoxidationstates.

I.Namethefollowingcompounds:

CaSO4

ZnS

LiF

KI

Al2O3

（NH4）2SO4

Ca（HCO3）2

Fe2O3

CuS

2.Writeformulaeforthefollowingcompounds.

a.calciumoxide

b.iron（II）sulfide

c.sodiumbicarbonate

d.aluminiumchloride

e.lithiumhydride

f.hydrogenchloride

g.sulfurtrioxide

h.ammonia

Na2OsodiumoxideCuOcopper（II）oxide

Na2O2sodiumperoxide

KO2potassiumsuperoxide

P2O5diphosphoruspentoxide

NOnitrogenmonoxideornitricoxide

COcarbonmonoxide

CO2carbondioxide

SiO2silicondioxideorsilica

Al2O3aluminiumoxideoralumina

I.BasesorAlkalis

OH-hydroxide

NaOHsodiumhydroxide

Fe（OH）2iron（II）hydroxide

II.Acids

HCl（aq）hydrochloricacid

H2SO4sulfuricacid

H2CO3carbonicacid

H2SO3sulfurousacid

HNO3nitricacid

HNO2nitrousacid

H3PO4phosphoricacid

HClO4perchloricacid

II.Acids

HCl（aq）hydrochloricacid

H2SO4sulfuricacid

H2CO3carbonicacid

H2SO3sulfurousacid

HNO3nitricacid

HNO2nitrousacid

H3PO4phosphoricacid

HClO4perchloricacid

Chapter2ExperimentintheLab

2.1Safetyprecautions

2.2Importantinstrument/apparatus

2.3Skillsinthelaboratory

2.4Presentalabreport

2.1.1Safetyprecautions

☐Followteachers’instructions

☐WearsafetyglassesUseprotectiveclothing

☐Donotattemptanyunauthorisedexperiment

☐Neverpointthetesttubeatyourclassmates’faces

☐Ask,ifindoubt.Itiscommonsensetocheckonapoint,notanadmissionofweakness.Thisrulemustnotbeforgotten,nomatterwhatthesituation.

2.1.2Generalrulesforschoollaboratory

☐Wearinggoggles&Labcoats

☐Readtheinstructions

☐Unauthorisedexperimentsareforbidden

☐Besafetyconscious

☐Planyourtimecarefully

☐Becleanandtidyinyourworkhabits

2.2Importantinstrument/apparatus

2.3Skillsinthelaboratory:

1.Keepthetipwellbelowthesurfaceofthesolutioninordertoprevententryofair.

2.Filltoalittleabovethecalibrationmark,andthenclosetheendwiththeforefinger.Rotatethepipettegentlyagainsttheforfinger.

3.Stopwhenthebottomofthemeniscuscomeslevelwiththemark,ateyelevel.

Rinsetheburettewithcorrectliquid

Clampedinaverticalposition

Filledusingafunnel（notfilledtozeroeachtime）

Appropriatemanipulationoftap

Removingfunnelfromburette

Nosplashing

Appropriateamountofindicatorintheconicalflask

Q:

☐Howtorinsethepipette,burette

☐Howtorinsetheconicalflask,volumetricflask

☐Howtochoosetheindicators

Exercisetwo:

☐Asolutionof0.10molL-1potassiumiodidewithavolumeof10mLisavailable.Whatvolumeofdistilledwaterisrequiredtoobtain0.0050molL-1ofKI?

☐Asolutionofcalciumchloride,CaCl2,ismadebydissolving2.20gofsolidinatotalsolutionvolumeof250mL.

（a）calculatetheconcentration（浓度）ofthesolution（molL-1）

（b）howmanymoleofCl-arepresentin2.20gofCaCl2?

3.Lookatthepieceofglasswaresketchedbelow.

（a）Nameit

（b）Withwhatwouldyouwashthisitemimmediatelybeforeuse?

2.4Presentalabreport

1.Thereportmusthaveawell-plannedstructure:

atitle

theaims

Safetyprecautions

themainbodyofprocedures

results

discussion

improvement

conclusion

2.Useshortsentences-gottothepoint.

3.Makestatementsandconclusionsaresupportedbydata.

4.Donotusethefirstperson.（Iandme）

5.Useyourownwords.

6.Usetables,figuresandgraphs.

7.Keepawrittenrecordofsourcesusedinorderthattheycanbeacknowledgedinthemainbodyofthepresentationorinthebibliography.

Procedures:

Themixturewasthendistilled.Theesterwascollectinginthreeseparatebeakersfromtemperature0º-120ºC,120º-125ºC,and125º-130ºC.Thefirstsolutioncollectedwouldhavecontainedsomebutanol,whiletheesterinthelasttwobeakersshouldhavebeenpure.Sothiswasdonetoguaranteethepurestpossibleester.

Uncertainty

☐Systematicerror

☐Randomerror

Systematicerror

☐arerecurrenterrorsinherentintheapparatusorexperimentalmethodused.

Resourcesofsystematicerror

Theyarisewhen:

1.ameasuringinstrumentisnotcalibratedisincorrectlycalibrated;

2.apieceofapparatushasaninherentfault.Forexampleapolystyrenefoamcupusedforcalorimetryexperimentslosesheattothesurroundings;

3.contaminatedstandardsareusedinquantitativeanalysis

Foraparticularexperiment,systematicerrorsarebiasedinonedirectionandcan’tbeeliminatedorreducedbyrepeatingtheprocedure.

Systematicerrorsarelinkedtotheaccuracyofmeasurement.

Ameasurementisaccuratetotheextentthatsystematicerrorshavebeenminimized.

Accuracy

☐Theaccuracyofameasurement（oraseriesofmeasurements）indicatesitsrelationtothetruevalue.

Randomerror

☐arechancevariationsbetweensuccessivemeasurementsoverwhichtheexperimenterhaslittleornocontrol.

Randomerrorsarelinkedtotheprecisionofthemeasurements.

Ameasurementisprecisetotheextentthatrandomerrorshavebeenminimized.

Precision

☐Onemeasurement

⏹Resolutionofthemeasuringinstrument

☐Severalmeasurements

⏹Scatterofthedatapoints

Exercisethree:

Themassofanobjectwasdeterminedusingaveryprecisebalanceto

be6.235grams（theacceptedvalue）.Fourstudents,eachusinga

differentbalance,weighedthesameobjectfourtimes.

Theresults（ingrams）obtainedbyeachstudentwerefollows,ratethe

precisionandaccuracyofeachstudent’sresultsashighorlow:

ExerciseFour:

Anexperimentwascarriedoutinwhich2.0molL-1HNO3（nitricacid）wasaddedtomarblechips（CaCO3）infiveseparateflask.Thetemperatureofthenitricacidandthevolumeofcarbondioxide（CO2）gasproducedin2minutesforeachflaskwasrecorded.

Theresultsoftheexperimentaregiveninthefollowingtable:

b.（i）Nametheglassware/apparatususedtomeasurethetemperaturechange.

（ii）Identifytwovariablesthatshouldbeheldconstantinallfiveflasks.

c.Graphtheresultsofthisexperimentonthegrid.

Chapter3OrganicCompounds

3.1GeneralInstructions

3.2SystematicnamesofHydrocarbons

3.3NomenclatureforDerivativesof

hydrocarbons

3.4Typeofreactions