会计专业英语教学教案共17章Chapter 10.docx

会计专业英语教学教案共17章Chapter 10.docx

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会计专业英语教学教案共17章Chapter10

教学目标

知识目标：

Explainthedefinition ofcost

Understandthedifferentofallkindsofcost

能力目标：

Usehigh-lowanalysistoseparatethefixedandvariableelementsoftotalcosts

Explainthestructureoflinearfunctionsandequations.

素质目标：

Calculateprofitorlossbyusingvariablecostingandabsorptioncosting

教学重点

Understandthedifferentofallkindsofcost

Usehigh-lowanalysistoseparatethefixedandvariableelementsoftotalcosts

教学难点

Calculateprofitorlossbyusingvariablecostingandabsorptioncosting

教学手段

结合理论与案例

小组讨论

教学学时

2课时

教学内容与教学过程设计

注释

Chapter10CostBehaviorAnalysis

〖理论知识〗

Topic1:

CostClassification

1.GeneralCostClassifications

（1）ManufacturingCost

ØDirectmaterial

Directmaterialisallofthephysicalitemsbuiltintoaproduct.Itisrolledintothetotalcostofgoodsproduced,whichisthensubdividedintothecostofgoodssold（whichappearsintheincomestatement）andendinginventory（whichappearsinthebalancesheet）.Acompanymaybuydirectmaterialsfromsuppliers,createthemon-site,orbuythemfromitsownsubsidiaries.

ØDirectLabor

Directlaborisproductionorserviceslaborthatisassignedtoaspecificproduct,costcenter,orworkorder.Whenabusinessmanufacturesproducts,directlaborisconsideredtobethelaboroftheproductioncrewthatproducesgoods,suchasmachineoperators,assemblylineoperators,painters,andsoforth.Whenabusinessprovidesservices,directlaborisconsideredtobethelaborofthosepeoplewhoprovideservicesdirectlytocustomers,suchasconsultantsandlawyers.Generally,apersonwhoischargingbillabletimetoacustomerisworkingdirectlaborhours.

ØManufacturingOverhead

Manufacturingoverhead,thethirdelementofmanufacturingcostincludesallcostsofmanufacturingexceptdirectmaterialsanddirectlabor.Manufacturingoverheadincludesitemssuchasindirectmaterials;indirectlabor;maintenanceandrepairsonproductionequipment;heatandlight,propertytaxes,depreciation,andinsuranceonmanfracturingfacilities.Acompanyalsoincurscostsforheatandlightpropertytaxes,insurance,depreciationandsoforthassociatedwithitssellingandadministrativefunctions,butthesecostsarenotincludedaspartofmanufacturingoverhead.Onlythosecostsassociatedwithoperatingthefactoryareincludedinmanufacturingoverhead.Acrosslargenumbersofmanufacturingcompanies,manufacturingoverheadaveragesabout16%ofsalesrevenues.

（2）NonmanufacturingCosts

Nonmanufacturingcostsareoftendividedintotwocategories:

sellingcostsandadministrativecosts.Sellingcostsincludeallcoststhatareincurredtosecurecustomerordersandgetthefinishedproducttothecustomer.Examplesofsellingcostsincludeadvertising,shipping,salestravel,salescommissions,salessalaries,andcostsoffinishedgoodswarehouses.

2.ProductCostsandPeriodCosts

（1）ProductCost

Productcostreferstothecostsusedtocreateaproduct.Thesecostsincludedirectlabor,directmaterials,consumableproductionsupplies,andfactoryoverhead.Productcostcanalsobeconsideredthecostofthelaborrequiredtodeliveraservicetoacustomer.Inthelattercase,productcostshouldincludeallcostsrelatedtoaservice,suchascompensation,payrolltaxes,andemployeebenefits.

Thecostofaproductonaunitbasisistypicallyderivedbycompilingthecostsassociatedwithabatchofunitsthatwereproducedasagroup,anddividingbythenumberofunitsmanufactured.Thecalculationis:

（Totaldirectlabor+Totaldirectmaterials+Consumablesupplies+Totalallocatedoverhead）/Totalnumberofunits=Productunitcost

（2）PeriodCost

Aperiodcostisanycostthatcannotbecapitalizedintoprepaidexpenses,inventory,orfixedassets.Aperiodcostismorecloselyassociatedwiththepassageoftimethanwithatransactionalevent.Sinceaperiodcostisessentiallyalwayschargedtoexpenseatonce,itmaymoreappropriatelybecalledaperiodexpense.Thistypeofcostisnotincludedwithinthecostofgoodssoldontheincomestatement.Instead,itistypicallyincludedwithinthesellingandadministrativeexpensessectionoftheincomestatement.Examplesofperiodcostsare:

sellingexpenses;advertisingexpenses;travelandentertainmentexpenses.

3.CostClassificationsforPredictingCostBehavior

（1）VariableCost

Variablecostisacostthatvariesinrelationtochangesinthevolumeofactivity.Thevariablecostconceptcanbeusedtomodelthefuturefinancialperformanceofabusiness,aswellastosetminimumpricepoints.Themostcommonvariablecostsare:

ØDirectmaterials:

sincethecostofmaterialsarechargedtoexpensewhentheassociatedproductsaresold.

ØCommissions:

sincethesalesstaffearnscommissionswhensalestransactionsarecompleted.

ØBillablelabor:

sincewagesassociatedwithbillablehoursarechargedtoexpensewhentheassociatedsalestransactionsarecompleted.

ØPieceratelabor:

whereemployeesarepaidbasedonthenumberofunitsproduced.

ØCreditcardfees:

whereafeeisnotincurredunlessacustomerusesacreditcardtopayforapurchase.

Tocalculatetotalvariablecosts,theformulais:

Totalquantityofunitsproduced×Variablecostperunit=Totalvariablecost

（2）FixedCost

Afixedcostisacostthatdoesnotvaryintheshortterm,irrespectiveofchangesinproductionorsaleslevels,orothermeasuresofactivity.Afixedcostisabasicoperatingexpenseofabusinessthatcannotbeavoided,suchasarentpayment.Theconceptisusedinfinancialanalysistofindthebreakevenpointofabusiness,aswellastodetermineproductpricing.

4.CostClassificationforAssigningCoststoCostObjects

（1）DirectCost

Adirectcostisacostthatcanbeclearlyassociatedwithspecificactivitiesorproducts.Thesecostsarecommonlyusedinincrementaldecisionmaking,wherethesalesmanagerneedstoknowthedirectcostofaproductinordertoensurethataone-timesaletransactioncanbemadeatapricethatexceedsthetotalofalldirectcosts.

（2）IndirectCost

Indirectcostsarecoststhatarenotdirectlyassociatedwithasingleactivity,event,orothercostobject.Suchcostsarefrequentlyaggregatedintoanoverheadcostpoolandallocatedtovariousactivities,basedonanallocationmethodthathasaperceivedoractuallinkagebetweentheindirectcostandtheactivity.

5.CostClassificationsforDecisionMarking

（1）DifferentialCostandRevenue

Differentialcostisthedifferencebetweenthecostoftwoalternativedecisions,orofachangeinoutputlevels.Theconceptisusedwhentherearemultiplepossibleoptionstopursue,andachoicemustbemadetoselectoneoptionanddroptheothers.Theconceptcanbeparticularlyusefulinstepcostingsituations,whereproducingoneadditionalunitofoutputmayrequireasubstantialadditionalcost.

Differentialrevenueisthedifferenceinsalesthatwillbegeneratedbytwodifferentcoursesofaction.Theconceptiscommonlyusedwhenevaluatingwhichoftwo（ormore）investmentstomakeinabusiness.Thefallacyinusingthedifferentialrevenueconceptisthatitpaysnoattentiontothedifferentialprofitorcashflowsgeneratedbythevariousdecisions.Profitsorcashflowsarevastlymoreimportantthanrevenue,sincetheycontributetothefinancialhealthofabusiness.

（2）OpportunityCost

Opportunitycostisthecostofnotselectingthenextbestchoicewheninvestingresourcesinanactivity.Opportunitycostcanbeusedtoweighthemeritsofvariouscapitalinvestmentopportunities.Forexample,youhave$1,000,000andchoosetoinvestitinaproductlinethatwillgenerateareturnof5%.Ifyoucouldhavespentthemoneyonadifferentinvestmentthatwouldhavegeneratedareturnof7%,thenthe2%differencebetweenthetwoalternativesistheforegoneopportunitycostofthisdecision.

（3）SunkCost

Asunkcostisacostthatanentityhasincurred,andwhichitcannolongerrecoverbyanymeans.

Topic2:

CostBehavior

Costbehaviorreferstothesensitivityoftotalcostsofactivityinputstochangesinthelevelsofactivityoutput（activityvolume）.Heretheactivityoutput（volumemaybemeasuredintermsofunitsofproductionorsales,hoursworked,milestraveled,patientsseenstudentsenrolledoranyotherappropriatemeasureoftheactivityofanorganization.therangeofoutputorsalesoverwhichcostbehaviorpatternsremainunchangediscalledtherelevantrange.

1.VariableCost

Variablecostswerediscussedbrieflyintopic1.Wewillsummarizethatdiscussionherebyusingtheexampleoftastydonuts.

Example10-1

Tastydonuts'directmaterialcostisavariablecost.Asthecompanysellsmoredonutsmuffinsandsweetrolls,thetotalcostoftheingredientsforthesegoodsincreasesindirectproportiontothenumberofitemssold.Moreover,thequantitiesofbeveragessoldandpaperproductsusedbycustomersalsoincreaseindirectproportiontothenumberofbakeryitemssold.Asaresult,thecostsofbeveragesandpaperproductsarealsovariablecosts.

Exhibit10-1displaysagraphoftastydonutsdirect-materialcost.Asthegraphshows,totalvariablecostincreasesinproportiontotheactivitylevel（orcostdriver）.Whenactivitytriples,forexample,from50,000dozenitemsto150,000dozenitems,totaldirect-materialcostswilltriplefrom$55,000to$165,000.However,thevariablecostperunitremainsthesameasactivitychanges.Thetotaldirect-materialcostincurredperdozenitemssoldisconstantat$1.1perdozen.Theexhibit10-2illustratesthispoint.Thevariablecostperunitalsoisrepresentedinthegraphinpanel1ofexhibit10-l