元音辅音及其差别.docx

元音辅音及其差别.docx

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元音辅音及其差别

元音辅音及其差别

元音

12个单元音

长元音

[i:

][E:

][C:

][u:

][B:

]

短元音

[E][C][Q][e][A]

8个双元音[ai][ei][Ci][iE][ZE][uE][Eu][au]

辅音

10对

清辅音

[p][t][k][f][s][W][F][tF][tr][ts]

浊辅音

[d][g][v][z][T][V][dV][dr][dz]

3个鼻音

[m][n][N]

3个似拼音

[h][r][l]

2个半元音

[w][j]

二，其次我们看理论定义：

元音（vowel）发音时从肺部呼出的气流通过起共鸣器作用的口腔，阻力极小并无摩擦声音的语音。

半元音的发音方法与元音相同。

但常被视为辅音；yawn（打呵欠）中的y音，walk（步行）中的w音是半元音。

元音，又称母音，是音素的一种，与辅音相对。

元音是在发音过程中由气流通过口腔而不受阻碍发出的音。

发元音时，气流从肺部通过声门冲击声带，使声带发出均匀震动，然后震音气流不受阻碍的通过口腔、鼻腔，通过舌、唇的调节而发出不同的声音。

发元音时声带必然震动，这叫做浊音。

也有的语言发元音时声带不振动，发出清元音（voicelessvowel）。

英语中音素分为元音音素和辅音音素两大类。

其中元音音素20个，辅音音素24个。

辅音：

不论声带振动与否，发声时呼出的气流通过口腔或鼻腔时受到一定阻碍，这样的语音称为辅音。

辅音发音不响亮，口腔中气流受到阻碍，不是构成音节的主要音。

英语中有24个辅音。

（有的书将[ts]、[dz]、[tr]、[dr]也归为辅音，即有28个辅音，共48个音素。

）

辅音有清辅音和浊辅音之分，同样的发音位置，如果声带震动就是浊辅音，如果声带不震动就是清辅音了

如：

。

[p][t][k]三个音发音时声带不振动，叫做清辅音，[b][d][g]三个音发音时声带振动，叫做浊辅音。

[f][s][h][W][F]五个音为清辅音，[v][z][r][w][j][T][V]七个音为浊辅音。

元音字母是26个字母中的aeiou其他的是辅音字母

注意：

元音字母和元音不同辅音字母和辅音不同

另外清浊辅音的区别也仅仅与声带振动有关。

发清辅音时声带不会振动，发浊辅音时声带会振动。

ABriefLookattheHistoryofEnglish

ThehistoryofEnglishisconventionally,ifperhapstooneatly,dividedintothreeperiodsusuallycalledOldEnglish（orAnglo-Saxon）,MiddleEnglish,andModernEnglish.TheearliestperiodbeginswiththemigrationofcertainGermanictribesfromthecontinenttoBritaininthefifthcenturyA.D.,thoughnorecordsoftheirlanguagesurvivefrombeforetheseventhcentury,anditcontinuesuntiltheendoftheeleventhcenturyorabitlater.BythattimeLatin,OldNorse（thelanguageoftheVikinginvaders）,andespeciallytheAnglo-NormanFrenchofthedominantclassaftertheNormanConquestin1066hadbeguntohaveasubstantialimpactonthelexicon,andthewell-developedinflectionalsystemthattypifiesthegrammarofOldEnglishhadbeguntobreakdown.ThefollowingbriefsampleofOldEnglishproseillustratesseveralofthesignificantwaysinwhichchangehassotransformedEnglishthatwemustlookcarefullytofindpointsofresemblancebetweenthelanguageofthetenthcenturyandourown.ItistakenfromAelfric's"HomilyonSt.GregorytheGreat"andconcernsthefamousstoryofhowthatpopecametosendmissionariestoconverttheAnglo-SaxonstoChristianityafterseeingAnglo-Saxonboysforsaleasslavesin

Rome:

Eftheaxode,huðæreðeodenamawæreþehiofcomon.Himwæsgeandwyrd,þæthiAnglegenemnodewæron.Þacwæðhe,"RihtlicehisindAnglegehatene,forðanðehienglawlitehabbað,andswilcumgedafenaðþæthionheofonumenglageferanbeon."

Afewofthesewordswillberecognizedasidenticalinspellingwiththeirmodernequivalents--he,of,him,for,and,on--andtheresemblanceofafewotherstofamiliarwordsmaybeguessed--namatoname,comontocome,wæretowere,wæstowas--butonlythosewhohavemadeaspecialstudyofOldEnglishwillbeabletoreadthepassagewithunderstanding.Thesenseofitisasfollows:

"Againhe[St.Gregory]askedwhatmightbethenameofthepeoplefromwhichtheycame.ItwasansweredtohimthattheywerenamedAngles.Thenhesaid,'RightlyaretheycalledAnglesbecausetheyhavethebeautyofangels,anditisfittingthatsuchastheyshouldbeangels'companionsinheaven.'"Someofthewordsintheoriginalhavesurvivedinalteredform,includingaxode（asked）,hu（how）,rihtlice（rightly）,engla（angels）,habbað（have）,swilcum（such）,heofonum（heaven）,andbeon（be）.Others,however,havevanishedfromourlexicon,mostlywithoutatrace,includingseveralthatwerequitecommonwordsinOldEnglish:

eft"again,"ðeode"people,nation,"cwæð"said,spoke,"gehatene"called,named,"wlite"appearance,beauty,"andgeferan"companions."Recognitionofsomewordsisnaturallyhinderedbythepresenceoftwospecialcharacters,þ,called"thorn,"andð,called"edh,"whichservedinOldEnglishtorepresentthesoundsnowspelledwithth.

Otherpointsworthnotingincludethefactthatthepronounsystemdidnotyet,inthelatetenthcentury,includethethirdpersonpluralformsbeginningwithth-:

hiappearswherewewouldusethey.Severalaspectsofwordorderwillalsostrikethereaderasoddlyunlikeours.Subjectandverbareinvertedafteranadverb--þacwæðhe"Thensaidhe"--aphenomenonnotunknowninModernEnglishbutnowrestrictedtoafewadverbssuchasneverandrequiringthepresenceofanauxiliaryverblikedoorhave.Insubordinateclausesthemainverbmustbelast,andsoanobjectoraprepositionmayprecedeitinawaynolongernatural:

þehiofcomon"whichtheyfromcame,"forðanðehienglawlitehabbað"becausetheyangels'beautyhave."

PerhapsthemostdistinctivedifferencebetweenOldandModernEnglishreflectedinAelfric'ssentencesistheelaboratesystemofinflections,ofwhichwenowhaveonlyremnants.Nouns,adjectives,andeventhedefinitearticleareinflectedforgender,case,andnumber:

ðæreðeode"（of）thepeople"isfeminine,genitive,andsingular,Angle"Angles"ismasculine,accusative,andplural,andswilcum"such"ismasculine,dative,andplural.Thesystemofinflectionsforverbswasalsomoreelaboratethanours:

forexample,habbað"have"endswiththe-aðsuffixcharacteristicofpluralpresentindicativeverbs.Inaddition,thereweretwoimperativeforms,foursubjunctiveforms（twoforthepresenttenseandtwoforthepreterit,orpast,tense）,andseveralotherswhichwenolongerhave.EvenwhereModernEnglishretainsaparticularcategoryofinflection,theformhasoftenchanged.OldEnglishpresentparticiplesendedin-endenot-ing,andpastparticiplesboreaprefixge-（asgeandwyrd"answered"above）.

TheperiodofMiddleEnglishextendsroughlyfromthetwelfthcenturythroughthefifteenth.TheinfluenceofFrench（andLatin,oftenbywayofFrench）uponthelexiconcontinuedthroughoutthisperiod,thelossofsomeinflectionsandthereductionofothers（oftentoafinalunstressedvowelspelled-e）accelerated,andmanychangestookplacewithinthephonologicalandgrammaticalsystemsofthelanguage.Atypicalprosepassage,especiallyonefromthelaterpartoftheperiod,willnothavesuchaforeignlooktousasAelfric'sprosehas;butitwillnotbemistakenforcontemporarywritingeither.ThefollowingbriefpassageisdrawnfromaworkofthelatefourteenthcenturycalledMandeville'sTravels.Itisfictionintheguiseoftravelliterature,and,thoughitpurportstobefromthepenofanEnglishknight,itwasoriginallywritteninFrenchandlatertranslatedintoLatinandEnglish.InthisextractMandevilledescribesthelandofBactria,apparentlynotanaltogetherinvitingplace,asitisinhabitedby"fullyuele[evil]folkandfullcruell."

Inþatlondbentreesþatberenwolle,asþoghitwereofscheep;whereofmenmakenclothes,andallþingþatmaybenmadeofwolle.Inþatcontreebenmanyipotaynes,þatdwellensomtymeinthewater,andsomtymeonthelond:

andþeibenhalfmanandhalfhors,asIhaueseydbefore;andþeietenmen,whanþeimaytakehem.Andþerebenryueresandwatresþatbenfullebyttere,þreesithesmoreþanisthewaterofthesee.Inþatcontrébenmanygriffounes,moreplenteeþaninonyothercontree.Summenseynþatþeihanthebodyvpwardasanegle,andbenetheasalyoun:

andtreulyþeiseynsothþatþeibenofþatschapp.Butogriffounhaththebodymoregret,andismorestrong,þanneeightlyouns,ofsuchelyounsasbenothishalf;andmoregretandstrongereþananhundredegles,sucheaswehanamongesvs.Forogriffounþerewilberefleyngetohisnestagrethors,3ifhemayfyndehimatthepoynt,ortwooxen3okedtogidere,asþeigonattheplowgh.

Thespellingisoftenpeculiarbymodernstandardsandeveninconsistentwithinthesefewsentences（contréandcontree,o[griffoun]anda[grethors],þanneandþan,forexample）.Moreover,intheoriginaltext,thereisinadditiontothornanotheroldcharacter3,called"yogh,"tomakedifficulty.Itcanrepresentseveralsoundsbutheremaybethoughtofasequivalenttoy.Eventheolderspellings（includingthosewhereustandsforvorviceversa）arerecognizable,however,andthereareonlyafewwordslikeipotaynes"hippopotamuses"andsithes"times"thathavedroppedoutofthelanguagealtogether.Wemaynoticeafewwordsandphrasesthathavemeaningsnolongercommonsuchasbyttere"salty,"othishalf"onthissideoftheworld,"andatthepoynt"tohand,"andtheeffectofthecenturies-longdominanceofFrenchonthevocabularyisevidentinmanyfamiliarwordswhichcouldnothaveoccurredinAelfric'swritingevenifhissubjecthadallowedthem,wordslikecontree,ryueres,plentee,egle,andlyoun.

Ingeneralwordorderisnowveryclosetothatofourtime,thoughwenoticeconstructionslikehaththebodymoregretandthreesithesmoreþanisthewaterofthesee.Wealsonoticethatpresenttenseverbsstillreceiveapluralinflectionasinberen,dwellen,han,andbenandthatwhilenominativeþeihasreplacedAelfric'shiinthethirdpersonplural,theformforobjectsisstillhem.Allthesame,thenumberofinflectionsfornouns,adjectives,andverbshasbeengreatlyreduced,andinmostrespectsMandevilleisclosertoModernthantoOldEnglish.

TheperiodofModernEnglishextendsfromthesixteenthcenturytoourownday.TheearlypartofthisperiodsawthecompletionofarevolutioninthephonologyofEnglishthathadbeguninlateMiddleEnglishandthateffectivelyredistributedtheoccurrenceofthevowelphonemestosomethingapproximatingtheirpresentpattern.（Mandeville'sEnglishwouldhavesoundedevenlessfamiliartousthanitlooks.）Otherimportantearlydevelopmentsincludethestabilizingeffectonspellingoftheprintingpressandthebeginningofthedirectinflue