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In1980Australiausedcoalasthemainelectricitysource(50units)andtheremainderwasproducedfromnaturalgas,hydropower(eachproducing20units)andoil(whichproducedonly10units).By2000,coalhadbecomethefuelformorethan75%ofelectricityproducedandonlyhydrocontinuedtobeanothersignificantsourcesupplyingapproximately20%.
Incontrast,Franceusedcoalasasourceforonly25unitsofelectricityin1980,whichwasmatchedbynaturalgas.Theremaining40unitswereproducedlargelyfromoilandnuclearpower,withhydrocontributingonly5units.Butby2000nuclearpower,whichwasnotusedatallinAustralia,haddevelopedintothemainsource,producingalmost75%ofelectricity,at126units,whilecoalandoiltogetherproducedonly50units.Othersourceswerenolongersignificant.
Overall,itisclearthatby2000thesetwocountriesreliedondifferentprincipalfuelsources:
AustraliareliedoncoalandFranceonnuclearpower.
(2)
Youshouldspendabout20minutesonthistask.
Thediagrambelowshowsthemethodofobtainingwateroutdoors.
Youshouldwriteatleast150words.
Tableone:
ThetablebelowshowstheproportionofdifferentcategoriesoffamilieslivinginpovertyinAustraliain1999.Summarizetheinformationbyselectingandreportingthemainfeatures,andmakecomparisonswhererelevant.
Familytype
Proportionofpeoplefromeach
householdtypelivinginpoverty
Singleagedperson
Agedcouple
Single,nochildren
Couple,nochildren
Soleparent
Couplewithchildren
Allhouseholds
4%(48,000)
19%(359,000)
7%(211,000)
21%(232,000)
12%(933,000)
11%(1,837,000)
Tabletwo:
Thetablebelowgivesinformationabouttheundergroundrailwaysystemsinsixcities.Summarizetheinformationbyselectingandreportingthemainfeatures,andmakecomparisonswhererelevant.
UndergroundRailwaySystems
city
Dateopened
Kilometresofroute
Passengersperyear(inmillions)
London
1863
394
775
Paris
1900
199
1191
Tokyo
1927
155
WashingtonDC
1976
126
144
Kyoto
1981
11
45
LosAngeles
2001
28
50
Tablethree:
ThetablebelowgivesinformationaboutchangesinmodesoftravelinEnglandbetween1985and2000.Summarizetheinformationbyselectingandreportingthemainfeatures,andmakecomparisonswhererelevant.
Averagedistanceinmilestravelledperpersonperyear,bymodesoftravel
1985
2000
Walking
255
237
Bicycle
51
41
Car
3199
4806
Localbus
429
274
Longdistancebus
54
124
Train
289
366
taxi
13
42
Other
450
585
Allmodes
4740
6475
Tableone:
ThetablecomparestheproportionofpeoplefromeachhouseholdtypelivinginpovertyinAustraliaintheyearof1999.
Whatisnoticeableisthatin1999,thepercentageofallhouseholdslivinginpovertywasashighas11%,involving1837000people,ofwhichsoleparentfamiliesandsingle-without-childrenfamiliesaccountedfor21%and19%respectively.
Apparently,theotherthreetypesoffamilies,namely,coupleswithchildren,coupleswithoutchildrenandsingleagedpeoplewholivedinpovertytookup12%,7%and6%respectively,farlowerthanthepercentagesofthetwoabove-mentionedtypesoffamilies.
Thus,wehavelearntaboutsomestatisticsaboutvarioustypesoffamilieslivinginpovertyinAustraliain1999.
Thetabledemonstratesthefeaturesoftheundergroundrailwaysystemsin6citiesinthreedifferentaspects.
First,thesubwaysystemsinthesixcitieswereopenedintimesequencewithLondonbeingtheearliest(in1863)andLosAngelesthelatest(in2001).Theundergroundrailwaysystemhadtheirprimetimeinthe20thcentury,whichsawtheconstructionof4undergroundrailwaysystemsrespectivelyinParis(1900),inTokyo(1927),inWashingtonDC(1976),andinLosAngeles(1981).
Second,seenfromLondontoLosAngeles,whichhappenedtobeinchronologicalorderofsubwayconstruction,theabove-mentionedsixcitiesroughlyrevealedatrendofsharpdecreaseinthelengthofthesubwayroute.LondonrankedNo.1inthisrespect,withalengthof394km;
Pariscamenextwith199km;
TokyowasNo.3with155km;
WashingtonDCrankedNo.4with126km.KyotoandLosAngeleswerethemostinteresting,withmerely11kmand28kmrespectively,nothingcomparablewiththetop4cities.
Third,weseesomereallyunexpectedfiguresaboutthenumberofpassagestransportedbythesubwaysysteminthesesixcities.Tokyotooktheleadwith1.927billion;
Pariscamenextwith1.191billion;
LondonwasNo.3with775million;
WashingtonDCwasNo.4with144million.LosAngelesandKyotohad50millionand45millionrespectively.Therefore,wecanseethebigdifferenceascomparedwithothercities.
Overall,thesixcitiesrevealedgreatdifferencesinthehistoryofsubwayconstruction,thelengthofsubwaylinesandtheyearlypassengertransportationcapability.
Throughcomparisonoffiguresoftheaveragedistancetraveledperpersonperyearindifferentmodesoftransportation,thetableindicatesthechangesthatoccurredtosomecommonwaysoftravelbytheEnglishpeopleoveraspanof15yearsfrom1985to2000.
Asisindicatedinthetable,threemodesoftravelincludingwalking,bicycling,andtakinglocalbusshowedatrendofdeclinewhiletherestrevealedageneraltrendofrise,thoughthemarginsofrisediffered.
Firstofall,weseethattheaveragewalkingdistanceofpeopledroppedfrom255milesin1985to237milesin2000.Theaveragedistanceoftravelingbybikedecreasedby10mileswhilethatbylocalbussawthegreatestdropby155miles.
Theuseofcarincreasedgreatlyfrom3199milesin1985to4806milesin2000.Thosewhotraveledbylongdistancebusalsowitnessedafastincreaseby70miles.Peopletravelingbytrainandtaxi,ontheotherhand,sawanincreaseby77milesand29milesrespectively.Meanwhile,weseethatthetotalaveragedistanceperpersoninEnglandroseby1735milesbetween1985and2000.
Overall,Britishpeopleexperiencedgreatchangesintermsofthemodesoftravelingandtheactualdistancetraveledoveraperiodof15years.
1.《蚕丝整理》
Sample:
Asisdisplayedinthefirstdiagram,thelifecycleofthesilkwormcanbecategorizedinto4mainstages.First,thelifeofthesilkwormstartsfromeggspropagatedbythemoth,andittakes10daysforeacheggtobecomeasilkwormlarvathatfeedsonmulberryleaves.Silkwormlarvacontinuestogrowin4to6weeks,thenwrappingitselfwithsilkthreadtoconstructacocooninthenext3to8weeks.Amothcanbeproducedfromthecocoonin16days.Thelifecyclebeginsagainfromthenon.
Focusingontheseconddiagram,itillustratesthe5mainstepsoftheprocedureofproducingsilkcloth.Wellgeneratedcocoonswillbeselectedfirstly.Beforethesilkthreadcanbeunwound,cocoonshavetobeboiledinhotwater.Onecocooncanproduceapproximately300to900metresofsilkthread.Theunwoundthreadwillbedyedafterwardstobeweavedintosilkcloth.
Overall,thetwodiagramsrevealthestageofproducingcocoonsinthelifecycleofthesilkwormcanbeusedtomakesilkcloththrough5simplesteps.
CambridgeIELTS6Version:
Thefirstdiagramshowsthattherearefourmainstagesinthelifeofthesilkworm.
Firstofall,eggsareproducedbythemothandittakestendaysforeache