托福TPO真题阅读每日解析Groundwater答案解析Word文件下载.docx
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1.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromparagraph1aboutthegroundthatwewalkon?
(InferenceQuestion)
A.Itcannotholdrainwaterforlongperiodsoftime.
B.Itpreventsmostgroundwaterfromcirculating.
C.Itabsorbsmostofthewateritcontainsfromrivers.
D.Ithasthecapacitytostorelargeamountsofwater.
相关原句:
Atfirstthoughtitseemsincrediblethattherecanbeenoughspaceinthe“solid”groundunderfoottoholdallthiswater.(Paragraph1)
本题解析:
文中指出地下居然能储存这麽多水是不可思议的,也就是说地下可以存储大量水,因此选择D。
正确答案:
D
2.Theword“incredible”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto(VocabularyQuestion)
A.Unbelievable
B.Comforting
C.Confusing
D.Interesting
incredible意为“不可思议的”,即“难以相信的(unbelievable)”,因此选择A。
A
3.Theword“outofsight”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto(VocabularyQuestion)
A.Faraway
B.Partlyvisible
C.Hidden
D.Discovered
Bedsofthismaterial,outofsightbeneaththesoil,arecommon.(Paragraph2)
Outofsight意为“看不见的”,文中指被土壤掩盖了的,即“藏起来的(hidden)”,因此选择C。
C
4.Accordingtoparagraph2,whereisgroundwaterusuallyfound?
(FactualInformationQuestion)
A.Insidepiecesofsandandgravel
B.Ontopofbedsofrock
C.Infastriversthatareflowingbeneaththesoil
D.Inspacesbetweenpiecesofsediment
Thecommonestspacesarethoseamongtheparticles—sandgrainsandtinypebbles—ofloose,unconsolidatedsandandgravel.(Paragraph2)
第二段指出最普遍的地下水存储空间在于疏松土壤和沙石间的空隙,因此选择D。
5.Thephrase“glacialoutwash”inthepassagerefersto(ReferenceQuestion)
A.Fastrivers
B.Glaciers
C.Thehugevolumesofwatercreatedbyglacialmelting
D.Theparticlescarriedinwaterfrommeltingglaciers
Thewaterwasalwaysladenwithpebbles,gravel,andsand,knownasglacialoutwash,thatwasdepositedastheflowsloweddown.(Paragraph2)
“glacialoutwash”指的即是河水所承载的鹅卵石、沙石和沙子等,因此选择D。
6.Allofthefollowingarementionedinparagraph3asplacesthatsediment-ladenriverscandeposittheirsedimentsEXCEPT(NegativeFactualInformationQuestion)
A.Amountainvalley
B.Flatland
C.Alakefloor
D.Theseafloor
…whereverasediment-ladenriverorstreamemergesfromamountainvalleyontorelativelyflatland,droppingitsloadasthecurrentslows…(Paragraph3)
Sedimentsarealsodroppedwhereariverslowsonenteringalakeorthesea,thedepositedsedimentsareonalakefloorortheseaflooratfirst…(Paragraph3)
本段指出了三处沉积物沉淀的地点:
平地(flatland),湖床(alakefloor),海床(theseafloor)。
山谷(mountainvalley)是沉淀物的来源地,不是沉淀地点,因此选择A。
7.Theword“overlie”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto(VocabularyQuestion)
A.Cover
B.Change
C.Separate
D.Surround
Inlowlandcountryalmostanyspotonthegroundmayoverliewhatwasoncethebedofariverthathassincebecomeburiedbysoil;
(Paragraph4)
overlie意为“叠加、覆盖”,与cover同义,因此选择A。
8.Thephrase“somuchfor”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto(VocabularyQuestion)
A.Thatisenoughabout
B.Nowletusturnto
C.Ofgreaterconcernare
D.Thisisrelatedto
Somuchforunconsolidatedsediments.(Paragraph5)
somuchfor意为“暂时说这些…”,文章接下来要讲述有关consolidatedsediments,因此关于上文中的疏松沉淀物暂时谈这些。
因此选择A。
9.Theword“plugged”inthepassageisclosetinmeaningto(VocabularyQuestion)
A.Washed
B.Dragged
C.Filledup
D.Soakedthrough
Thisisbecausethegapsamongtheoriginalgrainsareoftennottotallypluggedwithcementingchemicals;
(Paragraph5)
plug意为“塞住”,指沙石缝隙被“填塞住(fillup)”,因此选择C。
10.Accordingtoparagraphs6and7,whyisbasaltunlikemostcrystallineformsofrock?
A.Itisunusuallysolid
B.Itoftenhashighporosity.
C.Ithasalowproportionofemptyspace.
D.Itishighlypermeable.
Mostcrystallinerocksaremuchmoresolid;
acommonexceptionisbasalt,aformofsolidifiedvolcaniclava,whichissometimesfulloftinybubblesthatmakeitveryporous.(Paragraph6)
大多数结晶岩石都很坚硬,而玄武岩不同,它具有很多气孔(veryporous),因此选择B。
B
11.Whatisthemainpurposeofparagraph7?
(RhetoricalPurposeQuestion)
A.Toexplainwhywatercanflowthroughrock
B.Toemphasizethelargeamountofemptyspaceinallrock
C.Topointoutthatarockcannotbebothporousandpermeable
D.Todistinguishbetweentworelatedpropertiesofrock
Butnotethatporosityisnotthesameaspermeability…(Paragraph7)
本段主要对多孔性和可渗透性这两个岩石的性质做了区别,因此选择D。
12.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?
(SentenceSimplificationQuestion)
A.Surfacetensionisnotstrongenoughtoretaindropsofwaterinrockswithlargeporesbutitstrongenoughtoholdontothinfilmsofwaterinrockswithsmallpores.
B.Waterinrocksisheldinplacebylargeporesanddrainsawayfromsmallsizeporesthroughsurfacetension.
C.Smallporesandlargeporesbothinteractwithsurfacetensiontodeterminewhetherarockwillholdwaterasheavydropsorasathinfilm.
D.Iftheforceofsurfacetensionistooweaktoholdwaterinplaceasheavydrops,thewaterwillcontinuetobeheldfirmlyinplaceasathinfilmwhenlargeporesexist.
Iftheporesarelarge,thewaterinthemwillexistasdropstooheavyforsurfacetensiontohold,anditwilldrainaway;
butiftheporesaresmallenough,thewaterinthemwillexistasthinfilms,toolighttoovercometheforceofsurfacetensionholdingtheminplace;
thenthewaterwillbefirmlyheld.(Paragraph9)
本句指出:
如果孔大,其中的水会变为水滴,水滴太沉,岩石表面张力握不住,水便会排出;
但如果孔足够小,其中的水会变成薄膜,薄膜很轻,无法挣脱表面张力的控制,这样水便会被紧紧收住。
注意:
C选项错误在于:
并不是孔与张力相互作用,而应是水与张力相互作用。
13.Lookatthefoursquares[█]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.(InsertTextQuestion)
What,then,determineswhatproportionofthewaterstaysandwhatproportiondrainsaway?
Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?
Clickonasquaretoaddthesentencetothepassage.
Muchofthewaterinasampleofwater-saturatedsedimentorrockwilldrainfromitifthesampleisputinasuitabledryplace.█(A)Butsomewillremain,clingingtoallsolidsurfaces.█(B)Itisheldtherebytheforceofsurfacetensionwithoutwhichwaterwoulddraininstantlyfromanywetsurface,leavingittotallydry.█(C)Thetotalvolumeofwaterinthesaturatedsamplemustthereforebethoughtofasconsistingofwaterthatcan,andwaterthatcannot,drainaway.█(D)What,then,determineswhatproportionofthewaterstaysandwhatproportiondrainsaway?
插入句中“whatproportionofthewaterstays”与“whatproportiondrainsaway”暗示着其前一句必有关于两种水份的存在的内容,而原段末句恰总结了岩石中所含种水份“waterthatcanandwaterthatcannotdrainaway”,因此选择D。
14.Directions:
Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.(ProseSummaryQuestion)
Muchofthegroundisactuallysaturatedwithwater.
●
Answerchoices
1.Sedimentsthatholdwaterwerespreadbyglaciersandarestillspreadbyriversandstreams.(√)
2.Waterisstoredundergroundinbedsofloosesandandgravelorincementedsediment.(√)
3.Thesizeofasaturatedrock’sporesdetermineshowmuchwateritwillretainwhentherockisputinadryplace.(√)
4.Groundwateroftenremainsundergroundforalongtimebeforeitemergesagain.
5.Likesandstone,basaltisacrystallinerockthatisveryporous.
6.Bedsofunconsolidatedsedimentsaretypicallylocatedatinlandsitesthatwereonceunderwater.
正确答案应陈述文章主要内容----承载地下水的物质(疏松沉淀物和非疏松沙石)以及其吸附水份的空间。
1.选项内容指出了疏松沉淀物来自于冰川或河流的扩展,文中二三两段中描述了冰川和如今的河流如何将承载的疏松物质沉淀下来,1正确。
2.选项内容总结了地下水储存的两种物质:
疏松沉积物和非疏松沙石,2正确。
3.选项内容指出了地下蓄水岩石的孔大小决定了水份被排除还是被保留,末端总结了这一内容:
孔大则水排出,孔小则水储存,3正确。
4.属细节内容,4错误。
5.属细节内容,5错误。
6.文中指出非疏松沉积物后来有可能位移至内陆,但并未说明内陆曾经有地下水(wereonceunderwater),6错误。
1,2,3
l段意及难句解析:
●第一段:
段意:
讲述何为地下水以及其最主要的形式之一:
气象水。
难句分析:
1.Ordinarymeteoricwateriswaterthathassoakedintothegroundfromthesurface,fromprecipitation(rainandsnow)andfromlakesandstreams.
短语:
soakinto:
渗入
主干:
Ordinarymeteoricwateriswaterthathassoakedintotheground…
释义:
普通气象水是那些通过地表,从降水和河流渗入到地下的水分。
2.Thereitremains,sometimesforlongperiods,beforeemergingatthesurfaceagain.Atfirstthoughtitseemsincrediblethattherecanbeenoughspaceinthe“solid”groundunderfoottoholdallthiswater.
atfirstthought:
起初看来
分句:
thereit