唐力力 Asbecausesincelike文档格式.docx

唐力力 Asbecausesincelike文档格式.docx

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∙Wehaddinnerafterteno'

clockbecausedadarrivedlate.

∙Heboughtanewhomebecausehewonalottery.

∙IreadbecauseIlikereading.

Abecause-clausecanstandalone.

∙Whyareyoucrying?

BecauseJohnhitme.

For

Weuseafor-clausewhenweintroducenewinformation.Afor-clauseoftenexpressesaninference.Itcannotcomeatthebeginning.Itcannotstandaloneeither.

∙IdecidedtoconsultadoctorforIwasfeelingbad.

∙Somethingcertainlyfellill;

forIheardasplash.

∙Allprecautionsmusthavebeenneglected,fortheepidemicspreadrapidly.

UsingAdverbClauseswithExpressionsofCauseandEffect

Thesetypeofclausesexplainthereasonsforwhathappensinthemainclause.Example:

Heboughtanewhomebecausehegotabetterjob.Takealookatthechartbelowtostudythevarioususagesofdifferentexpressionsofcauseandeffect.Notethatalloftheseexpressionsaresynonymsof'

because'

.

Punctuation

Whenanadverbclausebeginsthesentenceuseacommatoseparatethetwoclauses.Example:

Becausehehadtoworklate,wehaddinnerafternineo'

clock.Whentheadverbclausefinishesthesentencethereisnoneedforacomma.Example:

Wehaddinnerafternineo'

clockbecausehehadtoworklate.

Because

∙Theyreceivedahighmarkontheirexambecausetheyhadstudiedhard.

∙I'

mstudyinghardbecauseIwanttopassmyexam.

∙Heworksalotofovertimebecausehisrentissoexpensive

Noticehowbecausecanbeusedwithavarietyoftensesbasedonthetimerelationshipbetweenthetwoclauses.

Since

∙Sincehelovesmusicsomuch,hedecidedtogotoaconservatory.

∙Theyhadtoleaveearlysincetheirtrainleftat8.30.

'

Since'

meansthesameasbecause.'

tendstobeusedinmoreinformalspokenEnglish.Importantnote:

"

Since"

whenusedasaconjunctionistypicallyusedtorefertoaperiodoftime,while"

because"

impliesacauseorreason.

As

∙Asthetestisdifficult,youhadbettergetsomesleep.

As'

tendstobeusedinmoreformal,writtenEnglish.

Combinebothsentenceswithso,becauseorsince.

Thewaiterwasamazed.

Theyoungcouplehadorderedpriceywineandlobster.

1.（Because）…………………………………………………………………………………..

Jason’screditcardwasdeclinedbythechargecardcompany.

ThewaitertoldJasonaboutit.

2.（So）………………………………………………………………………………………….

Jason’screditcardwasdeclinedtwice.

Jasongavethewaiteranothercreditcard.

3.（Since）………………………………………………………………………………………

Jasonwantedtomoveintohisgirlfriend’splace.

Jason’splacewasbeingremodeled.

4.（So）…………………………………………………………………………………………..

Jasonwasswitchingbankaccountsatthemoment.

Jasonaskedhisgirlfriendtopaythecheck.

5.（Because）…………………………………………………………………………………….

Jasondidn’thavemoneytopaythecheck.

Jason’sgirlfriendlefthimaloneintherestaurant.

6.（Since）…………………………………………………………………………………….

Because/since/as

Motherdidnotbakecookies__________________.

a）Sinceshewaslateforanappointment

b）Becauseshewaslateforanappointment

c）Asshewaslateforanappointment

Ritaquitherjob__________________.

a）Sinceherbosswasnasty.

b）Becauseherbosswasnasty.

c）Forherbosswasmean.

__________________,hiswordshadlittleeffectonher.

a）Sinceshealreadyknewthetruth

b）Becauseshealreadyknewthetruth

c）Forshealreadyknewthetruth

likeversusas

NowtheveryattentivelistenerswillnoticeadifferencebetweenthatadandwhatIsaidlastweek,andthatdifferenceisthereasontoday'

stopicislikeversusas.Thisweek,Isaid,“Ijustentertwopasswords,andit'

sasifI'

msittingatmyowncomputer.”Lastweek,Isaid,“Ijustentertwopasswords,andit'

slikeI'

msittingatmyowncomputer,”andbysayingthatIunwittinglystumbledintoaraginggrammarwar.

Thebackgroundisthattraditionallylikeisaprepositionandasisaconjunction.Nevertheless,peoplehavebeenusinglikeasifitwereaconjunction（asIdid）foratleast100years,andgrammarianshavebeenragingagainstthatuseforjustaslong.Infact,theHarperDictionaryofContemporaryUsagestatesthat“probablynosinglequestionofusagehascreatedgreatercontroversyinrecentyears”thantheconjunctiveuseoflike.

Firstofall,let’squicklyreviewwhataprepositionis,andwhataconjunctionis.AccordingtothebookWoeIsI,aprepositionis“awordthat‘positions’orsituateswordsinrelationtooneanother.” 

Examplesarein,around,andthrough.Aconjunctionis,simply,“aconnectingword.”Commonconjunctionsareand,but,andor

（1）.

Theproperwaytodifferentiatebetweenlikeandasistouselikewhennoverbfollows

（2）.Forexample,SquigglythrowslikearaccoonorItactedjustlikemycomputer.NoticethatwhenIuselike,thewordsthatcomeafteraregenerallysimple.Araccoonandmycomputeraretheobjectsofthepreposition.

Iftheclausethatcomesnextincludesaverb,thenyoushoulduseas.Forexample,SquigglythrowsasifhewerearaccoonorItactedjustasIwouldexpectmycomputertobehave.NoticethatwhenIuseas,thewordsthatcomeaftertendtobemorecomplex.

Yougenerallyhearlikeusedineverydayspeech,sothathelpsmerememberthatlikeisthesimplerword—oratleastitisfollowedbysimplerwords.Assoundsstuffierandisfollowedbyamorecomplexclausethatcontainsaverb.

Whetheryouabidebythisruleornotprobablydependsonhowmuchofagrammarstickleryouare.It'

scommontohearsentenceslikethis:

It'

msittingatmyowncomputer.Andasaresult,manypeopledon'

tknowit'

swrong.Inonesurvey,21percentofprofessionalwritersandeditorssaidtheyfoundsuchconstructionsacceptableincasualspeech.Ontheotherhand,only6percentthoughttheconstructionwouldbeOKinformalwriting（3）.

Ihavetoadmitthatafterreadingentriesinthreeusageguides（3,4,5）,Ifeltabitbrowbeatenaboutthewholetopic.Evenaslikeisbecomingmoreentrenchedineverydayuse,professionalgrammariansareabsolutelyresolvedthatthisisatrendworthfighting.Manylanguageexpertsseemfullypreparedtorailagainstitwithalltheirmight,andsomeofthecommentswerequitevicious.

Somyadviceisdon'

tdoit—don'

tuselikeasaconjunction,especiallyinwriting,unlessyouarereadyforthefullforceoframpaginggrammarianstoraindownonyou（whichisnotwhatI'

mgenerallygoingforintheadviceIgiveyou）.

Herearemoreexamplesofcorrectsentencestohelpyouremembertherule:

EXAMPLE:

MycousinlookslikeBatman.

Myneighboryelledlikeamaniac.

sasifmycousinwereBatman.

Myneighboryelledasthoughhewereamaniac.

Afinalnoteisthatthereisnodiscernibledifferencebetweenasifandasthough.Somesourcessaythatasifisoftenusedforlesslikelyscenarios—mycousinbeingBatman—andasthoughformorelikelyscenarios—myneighborisamaniac—butthisisn'

tadefinitiverule.

Asorlike?

Matchingexercise

Matchtheitemsontherightwiththeitemsontheleft.

窗体顶端

Shesings______anangel.

I'

mmuchbetter______youcansee.

Mysisterisnotatall______me.

Mydaughterisjust______mysister.

mattendingthemeeting______anobserver

Iuseoneofthebedrooms______anoffice.

Youarevery______yourmother.

Ihopetoqualify______anengineer.

MyfriendRoblooks______JohnTravolta.

ThereistoomuchtrafficinLondon______inNewYork.

We'

relateforthetrain.We'

llhavetorun______thewind.

myourfriendand,______afriend,Iadviseyoutothinkagain.

Idon'

tknowyouaswellashedoesbut,______yourfriend,Iadviseyoutothinkagain.

Youdon'

tlikeconfrontations,______me.

Iwanttojointheairforce______apilot.

Weneedastrongleader______WinstonChurchill.

Hehasgonetoourcompetitors______marketingmanager.

veappointedSimonWilliams______thenewtrustee.

vedonethework______weagreed.

Iwassure,______waseverybodyelse,thatyouwoulddowellinthisjob.

窗体底端