微观经济学英文版名词解释超详细Word文档格式.docx

微观经济学英文版名词解释超详细Word文档格式.docx

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somethingthatinducesapersontoact

Inflation[?

n'

fle?

（?

）n]

anincreaseintheoveralllevelofpricesintheeconomy

marginalchanges

smallincremental增加的adjustmentstoaplanofaction

marketeconomy

aneconomythatallocatesresourcesthroughthedecentralized权力分散;

人口疏散;

密度分散;

decisionsofmanyfirmsandhouseholdsastheyinteractinmarketsforgoodsandservices

marketfailure

asituationinwhichamarketleftonitsownfailstoallocate分配，分派;

把…拨给;

英[?

ke?

t]resourcesefficiently

marketpower

theabilityofasingleeconomicactor（orsmallgroupofactors）tohaveasubstantialinfluenceonmarketprices

opportunitycost

whatevermustbegivenuptoobtainsomeitem

productivity

thequantityofgoodsandservicesproducedfromeachunitoflaborinput

propertyrights

theabilityofanindividualtoownandexercisecontroloverscarceresources

rationalpeople

peoplewhosystematicallyandpurposefullydothebesttheycantoachievetheirobjectives

scarcity

thelimitednatureofsociety’sresources

Chapter2

circular-flowdiagram

avisualmodeloftheeconomythatshowshowdollarsflowthroughmarketsamonghouseholds家庭;

家庭，户andfirms

macroeconomics[,m?

kr?

i?

k?

m?

ks;

-ek-]

thestudyofeconomy-widephenomena,includinginflation,unemployment,andeconomicgrowth

microeconomics[,ma?

ks

thestudyofhowhouseholdsandfirmsmakedecisionsandhowtheyinteractinmarkets

normative['

v]标准的statements

claimsthatattempttoprescribe定，规定;

指定，规定;

美[pr?

skra?

b]howtheworldshouldbe

positivestatements

claimsthatattempttodescribetheworldasitis

productionpossibilitiesfrontier['

fr?

nt?

）

agraphthatshowsthecombinationsofoutputthattheeconomycanpossiblyproducegiventheavailablefactorsofproductionandtheavailableproductiontechnology

Chapter3

absoluteadvantage

theabilitytoproduceagoodusingfewerinputsthananotherproducer

comparativeadvantage

theabilitytoproduceagoodataloweropportunitycostthananotherproducer

exports

goodsproduceddomestically美[d?

mest?

kl?

】合乎国内的andsoldabroad

imports

goodsproducedabroadandsolddomestically

Chapter4

competitivemarket完全竞争市场

amarketwithmanybuyersandsellers['

sel?

]tradingidentical同一的，完全相同的美[a?

d?

l]productssothateachbuyerandsellerisapricetaker

Complements互补品['

kɑmpl?

nt]

twogoodsforwhichanincreaseinthepriceofoneleadstoadecreaseinthedemandfortheother

demandcurve需求曲线

agraphoftherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitydemanded

demandschedule需求表

atablethatshowstherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitydemanded

Equilibrium[,ikw?

br?

m]

均衡

asituationinwhichthemarketpricehasreachedthelevelatwhichquantitysuppliedequalsquantitydemanded

equilibriumprice均衡价格

thepricethatbalancesquantitysuppliedandquantitydemanded

equilibriumquantity

thequantitysuppliedandthequantitydemandedattheequilibriumprice

inferiorgood

劣质品[?

f?

r?

]

agoodforwhich,otherthingsequal,anincreaseinincomeleadstoadecreaseindemand

lawofdemand

需求原理

theclaimthat,otherthingsequal,thequantitydemandedofagoodfallswhenthepriceofthegoodrises

lawofsupply

供给原理

theclaimthat,otherthingsequal,thequantitysuppliedofagoodriseswhenthepriceofthegoodrises

lawofsupplyanddemand

theclaimthatthepriceofanygoodadjuststobringthequantitysuppliedandthequantitydemandedforthatgoodintobalance

market

agroupofbuyersandsellersofaparticulargoodorservice

normalgood

普通商品

agoodforwhich,otherthingsequal,anincreaseinincomeleadstoanincreaseindemand

quantitydemanded需求量

theamountofagoodthatbuyersarewillingandabletopurchase

quantitysupplied

theamountofagoodthatsellersarewillingandabletosell

shortage

asituationinwhichquantitydemandedisgreaterthanquantitysupplied

substitutes

twogoodsforwhichanincreaseinthepriceofoneleadstoanincreaseinthedemandfortheother

supplycurve

agraphoftherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitysupplied

supplyschedule

atablethatshowstherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitysupplied

surplus['

s?

:

pl?

s]

asituationinwhichquantitysuppliedisgreaterthanquantitydemanded

Chapter5

cross-priceelasticityofdemand需求交叉弹性是需求交叉价格弹性

ameasureofhowmuchthequantitydemandedofonegoodrespondstoachangeinthepriceofanothergood,computedasthepercentagechangeinquantitydemandedofthefirstgooddividedbythepercentagechangeinthepriceofthesecondgood

elasticity[,il?

st?

ti]

n.

弹性;

弹力;

灵活性;

伸缩性;

ameasureoftheresponsivenessofquantitydemandedorquantitysuppliedtooneofitsdeterminants

incomeelasticityofdemand需求的收入弹性

ameasureofhowmuchthequantitydemandedofagoodrespondstoachangeinconsumers’income,computedasthepercentagechangeinquantitydemandeddividedbythepercentagechangeinincome

priceelasticityofdemand需求价格弹性

ameasureofhowmuchthequantitydemandedofagoodrespondstoachangeinthepriceofthatgood,computedasthepercentagechangeinquantitydemandeddividedbythepercentagechangeinprice

priceelasticityofsupply供给的价格弹性

ameasureofhowmuchthequantitysuppliedofagoodrespondstoachangeinthepriceofthatgood,computedasthepercentagechangeinquantitysupplieddividedbythepercentagechangeinprice

totalrevenue（inamarket）总收入;

总收益

theamountpaidbybuyersandreceivedbysellersofagood,computedasthepriceofthegoodtimesthequantitysold

Chapter6

priceceiling['

si?

]

alegalmaximum['

ks?

m]onthepriceatwhichagoodcanbesold

pricefloor

alegalminimumonthepriceatwhichagoodcanbesold

taxincidence['

ns?

d（?

）ns]

themannerinwhichtheburdenofataxissharedamongparticipantsinamarket

Chapter7

consumer[k?

sju?

]surplus

['

s]消费者剩余

theamountabuyeriswillingtopayforagoodminus['

ma?

s]theamountthebuyeractuallypaysforit

cost

thevalueofeverythingasellermustgiveuptoproduceagood

efficiency

equality

producersurplus

theamountasellerispaidforagoodminustheseller’scostofprovidingit

welfareeconomics

thestudyofhowtheallocation美[?

n]分配，配给ofresourcesaffectseconomicwell-being

willingnesstopay受益者负担

themaximumamountthatabuyerwillpayforagood

Chapter8

Deadweightloss无谓损失又为社会净损失

thefallintotalsurplus过剩的;

多余的[?

rpl?

s]thatresultsfromamarketdistortion变形;

失真[d?

n],suchasatax

Chapter9

tariff

关税;

关税表;

价格表

ataxongoodsproducedabroadandsolddomestically

worldprice

thepriceofagoodthatprevailsintheworldmarketforthatgood

Chapter10

Coasetheorem['

θ?

m]科斯定理

thepropositionthatifprivatepartiescanbargainwithoutcostovertheallocationofresources,theycansolvetheproblemofexternalities外在性ontheirown

correctivetax矫正税

ataxdesignedtoinduceprivatedecisionmakerstotakeaccountofthesocialcoststhatarisefromanegativeexternality

externality[,ekst?

外形;

外在性;

外部事物;

（经济学名词）外部效应

theuncompensatedimpactofoneperson’sactionsonthewell-beingofabystander

internalizingtheexternality内化

alteringincentives[?

v]sothatpeopletakeaccountoftheexternaleffectsoftheiractions

transaction[tr?

z?

n]交易costs

thecoststhatpartiesincurintheprocessofagreeingtoandfollowingthroughonabargain

Chapter11

clubgoods

goodsthatareexcludablebutnotrivalinconsumption

commonresources

goodsthatarerivalinconsumptionbutnotexcludable可排他的;

包括在外的;

cost–benefitanalysis成本效益分析

astudythatcomparesthecostsandbenefitstosocietyofprovidingapublicgood

excludability[?

ks,klu?

b?

]排他性

thepropertyofagoodwherebyapersoncanbepreventedfromusingit

freerider[释义]坐享其成，无本获利;

apersonwhoreceivesthebenefitofagoodbutavoidspayingforit

privategoods

goodsthatarebothexcludableandrivalinconsumption

publicgoods

goodsthatareneitherexcludablenorrivalinconsumption

rivalryinconsumption消费竞争

thepropertyofagoodwherebyoneperson’susediminishesotherpeople’suse

TragedyoftheCommons?

公共地悲剧

aparable寓言;

格言;

thatillustrateswhycommonresourcesareusedmorethanisdesirablefromthestandpointofsocietyasawhole

Chapter12

ability-to-payprinciple[释义]负担能力原则，付税能力原则;

theideathattaxesshouldbeleviedonapersonaccordingtohowwellthatpersoncanshouldertheburden

averagetaxrate

totaltaxespaiddividedbytotalincome

benefitsprinciple