高中定语从句讲解及练习.doc
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高中英语定语从句详解
◆英语谚语欣赏
1.Hewhoknowsnothingbutpretendstoknoweverythingisindeedagood-for–nothing.
不懂装懂,一事无成.
2.It’sthefirststepthatcosts.千里之行,始于足下
3.Hethatmakeshimselfasheepshallbeeatenbythewolf.甘当小绵羊,迟早要喂狼.
Ⅰ.概念:
(1)定语从句:
在主从复合句中用作定语的从句叫定语从句。
定语从句一般紧接在先行词(antecedent)后面。
(2)先行词:
被定语从句修饰的成份。
先行词可以为一个词,短语,或整个主句。
(3)引导定语从句的词叫关系词,分为关系代词和关系副词。
关系词的作用:
1)引导定语从句,连接主句和从句,相当于一个连词;
2)必在从句中作某个句子成份(可以做主语,宾语,表语,定语,状语)
常用的关系代词:
that、which、who、whom、whose、as
常用的关系副词(在从句中只作状语):
when、why、where
ThestudentwhoansweredthequestionwasJohn.
Iknowthereasonwhyhewassoangry.
Theboy(whom)youaretalkingtoismybrother.
I'dlikearoomwhosewindowlooksoutoverthesea.
定语从句三步:
第一找出先行词;
第二看先行词在定语从句中的语法功能(做主语、宾语或状语);
第三选择合适的关系词。
Ⅱ.几个关系代词的基本用法:
●that:
可指人或物;在定语从句中作主语,宾语,表语。
(指人时,相当于who或whom;指物时,相当于which)(一般不用于非限制性定语从句;不可置于介词后作宾语)如:
1.Aletterthat/whichiswritteninpencilisdifficulttoread.(主语)
2.Doyouknowthegentlemanthat/whospokejustnow?
3.Youcantakeanything(that)youlike.(宾语)
4.Whatisthequestion(that/which)theyaretalkingabout?
5.Hereistheman(who/whom/that)youwanttosee.
6.She'snolongerthegirl(that)sheusedtobebefore.(表语)
7.Ourhometownisnolongertheone(that)itusedtobe.
=Ourhometownisnotthesameasitusedtobe.
=Ourhometownisdifferentfromwhatitusedtobe。
=Ourhometownisnotwhatitusedtobe.
●which:
指物;在定语从句中作主语,宾语,表语,定语。
如:
1.Thebookwhich/thatwasonthedeskwasboughtbymyfather.(主语)
2.Thebook(which/that)Iboughtyesterdayisveryinteresting.(宾语)
3.Thefactoryinwhichhisfatherworksisfarfromhere.
4.Hewasproud,whichhisbrotherneverwas.(表语)
5.Tomspentfouryearsincollege,duringwhichtimehelearnedFrench.(定语)
6.Hemaybelate,inwhichcaseweoughttowaitforhim.
●who,whom,whose:
who:
主格,在从句中作主语,在口语或非正式用法中作宾语;只可指人
whom:
宾格,在从句中作宾语;只可指人
whose:
属格,在从句中作定语,可指人也可指物。
Ilikethestudentswho/thatworkhard.(主语)
Allwhoheardthestorywereamazed.(代词如he,they,any,those,all,one等后多用who.)
Chaplin,forwhomlifehadoncebeenveryhard,wasasuccessasanactor.(宾语)
He'samanfromwhomweshouldlearn.
=He'saman(whom/who/that)weshouldlearnfrom.
Achildwhoseparentsaredeadiscalledanorphan.(指人)
I'dlikearoomwhosewindowfacessouth.(指物)
=I'dlikearoomofwhichthewindowfacessouth.
=I'dlikearoomthewindowofwhichfacessouth.
ThereisateapotshapedlikeaChineseduck,outofwhosemouthteaissupposedtocome
1. 关系代词whose,引导定语从句时,既可指人,又可指物,在从句中只能作定语;ofwhom只能指人;ofwhich只能指物,有时whose可以与ofwhom和ofwhich互换使用。
如:
ThegirlwhosehairisgoldenisfromEngland.头发金色的那个女孩是英国人。
Thehousewhosedoorsaregreenisanofficebuilding.门是绿色的那座房子是办公楼。
2. “介词+whose+名词”引导定语从句。
如:
Ilovemymotherland,forwhosegoodfutureIwillworkhard.我爱我的祖国,为了她美好的未来我要努力工作。
3. 在下列情况下,一般只用ofwhom和ofwhich。
(1) 定语从句的主语是few,little,some,most,many,much等时,一般只用ofwhom和ofwhich。
Intheroomarelotsofpeople,manyofwhomIdon’tknow.房间里有很多人,很多人我不认识。
Hehasalotofstory-books,afewofwhichIhaveneverread.他有很多故事书,有几本故事书我还从未看过。
(2) 定语从句的主语是数词、形容词的最高级时,一般只用ofwhom和ofwhich。
如:
Theoldmanhasthreechildren,twoofwhomarecollegestudentsandoneofwhomisamanager.那个老人有三个小孩,其中两个是大学生,另一个是经理。
(3) 定语从句的主语是all,none,both,neither,each等不定代词时,一般只用ofwhom和ofwhich。
如:
Therearefiftystudentsinourclass,allofwhomareworkinghard.我们班有五十个学生,所有这五十个学生学习都刻苦。
Heplantedtwotreeslastyear,bothofwhicharegrowingwell.去年他栽了两棵树,这两棵树都长得好。
(4) 在定语从句中作表语的定语时,一般只用ofwhom和ofwhich。
如:
Hehasthreebrothers,ofwhomLiLeiistheyoungestone.它有三兄弟,李蕾是他们中最小的一个。
TherearemanycountriesinAsia,ofwhichChinaisthelargestone.亚洲有很多国家,中国是最大的一个。
关系代词作介词宾语:
关系代词在定语从句中用作介词宾语时,介词可放于从句之首,也可放于从句之末.但以放于句首较为正式.(介词前置,必须注意不影响动词词组的含义。
关系代词who和that用作介词宾语时,介词必须放在句末.)
关系代词前介词选择三原则:
一先,二动,三意义(重中之重)
1.一先,即根据定语从句中介词与先行词的搭配关系选择。
IneverforgetthedayonwhichIcametothisschool.(ontheday)
2.二动,即根据定语从句中谓语动词与介词的搭配关系选择。
ThisistheiPadonwhichIspent3000yuan.(spendmoneyonsth.)
3.三意义,即根据定语从句的意义来确定介词。
Thisismypairofglasses,withoutwhichIcannotseeclearly.
Thisisthebookforwhichyouasked.
=Thisisthebook(that/which)youaskedfor.
DoyouknowthepersonwithwhomIshookhands?
=Doyouknowtheperson(whom/who/that)Ishookhandswith?
Thebeginningofagriculturewasabigstepinhumanprogresswithwhichnothingcouldcompareuntilourinformationage.
Inthedarkstreet,therewasn'tasinglepersontowhomshecouldturnforhelp.
Isthisthefactorytowhichyoupaidavisitlastweek?
Isthisfactorytheonetowhichyoupaidavisitlastweek?
Thisisthegirlwhomtheyarelookingafter.(介词after与look构成固定词组,不可前置。
lookat,lookfor,lookafter,takecareof,hearof\about\from,carefor,lookforward,payattention