初高中英语词汇构词法详解教材Word下载.docx
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后缀对词性、词义都可能有影响。
例如:
disagreement(不同意n.)
前缀词根后缀
4、截短法(缩略法)
截短法,即将单词缩写,词义和词性保持不变,主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等形式。
⑴截头
telephone→phone
aeroplane→plane
omnibus→bus
⑵去尾
mathematics→maths
co-operate→co-op
examination→exam
kilogram→kilo
laboratory→lab
taxicab→taxi
⑶截头去尾
influenza→flu
refrigerator→fridge
prescription→script
5、混合法(混成法)
混合法,即将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词。
后半部分表示主体;
前半部分表示属性。
newsbroadcast→newscast新闻广播
televisionbroadcast→telecast电视播送
smokeandfog→smog烟雾
helicopterairport→heliport直升飞机场
6、首尾字母缩略法
首尾字母缩略法,即用单词首尾字母组成一个新词。
读音主要有两种形式,即各字母分别读音;
作为一个单词读音。
veryimportantperson→VIP(读字母音)要人;
大人物
television→TV(读字母音)电视
TestingofEnglishasaForeignLanguage→TOEFL托福
(二)[基础过关]
1.Therewere________fishintheriverinSouthAmerica.
A.indangerB.danger
C.dangerousD.dangerless
答案:
C
解析:
空白为表语,需填如形容词,D项单词不存在,故选C
2.Theletter“b”intheword“doubt”is________.
A.soundB.silent
C.silenceD.sounded
D
空白为表语,需填入形容词。
D与句意不符,故选C
3.Thechildlookedatme________.
A.strangerB.strangely
C.strangeD.strangeless
B
空白为状语,需填入副词。
4.Theblackpeoplewereagainstslaveryandfoughtfortheir________bravely.
A.freeB.freely
C.freedomD.frees
空白处为修饰Bravely的副词,故选B。
5.Whatyousaidsounded________butinfactitwasuntrue.
A.reasonableB.reasonful
C.reasonlessD.unreason
A
A项为有道理的,符合句意。
6.Stephensonbecamethe________railwayengineerintheworld.
A.leadB.leaderC.leadingD.leadership
空白处为定语修饰railwayengineer,需用形容词。
故选C。
7.Whentheteacherpraisedhimforworkingoutthemathsproblem,Jacklooked________aboutathisclassmates.
A.proudB.proudlyC.prideD.pridely
-ly为副词结尾,D项不存在。
8.Toeveryone’s________,thegirlfinishedthejobquitewell.
A.satisfiedB.satisfactory
C.satisfyingD.satisfaction
空白在所有格后,应为名词,故选D。
9.Nooneshouldenterthespotwithoutthe________ofthepolice.
A.permitB.permission
C.permittingD.permittence
B项为许可的名词形式,符合句意。
10.Thenecklacethatshelostisveryexpensive.It’sofgreat________.
A.valuableB.value
C.valuelessD.unvaluable
of结构后需加名词。
A、C、D均不为名词。
选B。
(三)[能力提高]
1.Wehavetolearn________technologyfromothercountries.
A.advanceB.advancing
C.advantageD.advanced
空白处为定语,修饰technology,技术是被先进的,故用-ed,选D。
2.Thechildrenliveinavillage________.Theycomeherealmosteveryday.
A.nearbyB.near
C.nearlyD.nearby
空白为状语,C项词义是接近,而不是附近,故选A。
3.MrBlackisan________inthearmy,notan________inthegovernment.Youcannoteasilyfindhiminhis________.
A.official;
officer;
office
B.officer;
office;
official
C.official;
official;
D.officer;
三个空白分别应填入军官、官员、办公室。
故选B。
4.You’dbettergiveupsmokingifyouwanttokeep________.
A.healthB.healthy
C.healthilyD.healthier
空白处为表语,应填入形容词,又没有比较,故用原级,选C。
5.________speaking,Ididn’tdoitonpurpose.
A.Honestly B.HonestC.HonestyD.Dishonest
空白为状语,应填入副词,选A。
6.The________orderedhimtopaya$100fine.
A.judgerB.judgment
C.judgeD.judgement
judge为法官的意思,A项不存在,故选C。
7.MyTVisoutoforder.Canyoutellmewhatisthe________newsaboutIraqWar?
A.latelyB.latest
C.laterD.latter
B项表示最新的,其余词义与句意不符。
8.Tomy________,Ipassedtheexameasily.
A.joyB.joyful
C.joylessD.joyness
解析:
所有格后应接名词,B、C、D均不是名词,故选A。
构词法
(二)
(一)[基础讲解]
合成法中注意事项:
⑴合成形容词一定要有连字符,其中名词不可以用复数。
⑵合成名词变复数时,如果前面一个起修饰作用的名词是man或woman时,这个合成名词的前后两个名词均要变成复数形式。
(二)基础过关
1.TheChinesearea_______people.
A.hard-workedandwarm-hearted
B.hard-workingandwarm-hearting
C.hard-workedandwarm-hearting
D.hard-workingandwarm-hearted
根据句意,应填入“努力的”和“勤劳的”应为hard-working和warm-hearted。
2.—Whatareyoudoinghere?
—Oh,myteacheraskedmetowriteapassageabout________inEnglish.
—Youcanwrite________passageinEnglish?
A.600words;
a600-words
B.600-word;
C.600words;
a600-word
D.600words;
第一个空格为介词后的宾语,必须用名词性结构。
后一个为定语,需用形容词性结构,而合成形容词一定要有连字符,其中名词不可以用复数,故选C。
1.—wheredoesyourunclelive?
—Oh,helivesin________houseinEngland.
A.afour-hundred-year-oldwooden
B.afour-hundred-yearwoodenold
C.anold-four-hundred-yearwooden
D.awoodenfour-hundred-year-old
本题考查名词前定语的排列以及合成形容词用法。
材料比表示年龄、新旧的形容词更靠近中心词本质。
2.Canadaismainlyan________country.
A.English-speakingB.speak-English
C.spoken-EnglishD.English-spoken
英语是主动说出来的,故用-ing结构,另一方面,speaking更接近中心词本质,故选A。
构词法(三)
常见前后缀:
1•前缀
词缀分为前缀和后缀两种。
在大多数情况下,前缀往往改变词根的词义,而后缀更多改变的是原词根的词性。
具有否定意义(表示对词根反向的概念,另外包括外向概念、下概念、过度或不足概念等)的前缀有:
ab-abuse滥用abnormal不正常的
anti-antiwar反战的antitank反坦克的antibody
contra-contra-missile反导弹的contradict矛盾的
counter-counterrevolution反革命counterattack反击
de-demobilize复员deforest砍伐森林devalue贬值
dis-dislike厌恶dishonest不诚实的disability无能
in-incorrectinactiveinconvenientindirect
il-illegal
im-impossibleimproperimpolite
mal-maltreat虐待malnutrition营养不良malfunction功能失调
mis-mistake错误mistrust不信任mistrust
non-nonsmoker不抽烟的人nonsensenonstop
out-outnumber在数量上超过
over-overuse使用过度overlook俯视;
忽视overthrow推翻
re-replacereuseretell
sub-subway地铁subhead副标题
super-superpower超级大国supersensitive过度敏感
un-unreal虚假的unconditional无条件的unjust不公正的
vice-vice-president副总统vice-chairman副主席
具有时间意义的前缀有:
pre-prereadpreviewprehistory史前
post-postwarpostreading
具有地点、方向意义(包括上下、前后、来回、内外)的前缀有:
ab-(awayfrom)abnormalabuse
ex-export出口exclude排除ex-soldier退伍军人
extra-extracurricular课外的extraordinary格外的
fore-forehead前额foreground前景
im-import进口immigrate
inter-interfere干涉internet互联网interactive互动
over-overtakeoversleep
sub-subway地铁submarine海面以下的
super-superstructure上层建筑
trans-transatlantic横越大西洋的transport运输
under-underground地下的underwear内衣
ultra-ultraviolet紫外线
具有数量意义的有:
mono-monoxide一氧化物monotone单调
pan-Pan-American泛美的
bi-bilingual双语的bicyclebimonthly
di-dialoguedioxide
hemi-hemisphere
semi-semicircle半圆
tri-triangle三角形
penta-pentagon五角形
kilo-kilogramkilowatt
milli-milligrammillimetre
micro-Microsoftmicroscopemicrowave
mini-minibusminiskirt
multi-multiparty多党的
co-cooperationcoworkercoauthorcoexist
2•后缀
最常见的形容词后缀有:
-(a)ble:
readabledrinkableapplicablevaluable
-alpersonalnationalpracticalglobal
-(i)cal:
typicalbiological
-anAmericanEuropean
-ian:
EgyptianCanadian(名词和形容词同形)
-arsimilarsolar
-en:
woodengolden
-ern:
easternwestern
-ese:
ChineseJapanese(名词和形容词同形)
-ful:
usefulskillfuleventfulsuccessful
-ic:
atomichistoric
-istic:
artisticrealistic
-tic:
dramaticromantic
-ish:
childishreddishEnglish
–i(ti)ve:
sensitiveprimitiveprotectiveproductive
-less:
homelessuseless
-like:
childlikemanlike
-ly:
friendlycostlydaily
-ent:
insistentdifferent
-(i)ous:
righteous正直的anxious焦急的curious好奇的dangerous
-proof:
fireproofbombproof
-some:
troublesomelonesome
-ward:
downwardseawardawkard
-y:
rainyrosysleepyangry
最常见的名词后缀有:
表示具体的人的后缀:
-er:
prisonergardenerlawyerstranger
-or:
visitoractoroperatorinventor
-ar:
scholarliarbeggar
-eer:
engineermountaineer
-ent:
resident
-ess:
princesshostessgoddesswaitressactress
-ian:
musicianphysician
-ist:
scientistnovelistspecialistactivist
-ant:
assistantservantaccountant
-ee:
employeetraineeexaminee
-zen:
citizennetizen
表示抽象的动作情况的后缀:
-acity:
capacity
-al:
survivalrefusalarrivaltrialapproval
-ence(-ance,-ency,-ancy):
influenceacceptancedifference
-ment:
movementequipmentarrangementtreatment
-hood:
boyhoodneighborhood
-ics:
linguisticsathletics
-ness:
darknesshappinessillness
-tion:
celebrationattractioncontributionaddition
-ation:
invitationapplicationpreparationpronunciation
-sion:
permissionpossessiondiscussionconclusion
decision
-y:
injurydiscoverydifficultydelivery
-(i)ty:
varietyrealityabilitysafety
nationalityactivityequality
-ery:
bakerynurserybravery
-ful:
bagfulbasketfulhandful
-dom:
freedomkingdomwisdom
-(t)ure:
mixturefailurepressurepleasure
-age:
percentagemarriagestorageshortage
-ship:
leadershipscholarshiphardshipfriendship
-ance:
appearanceentranceguidanceperformance
-th:
truthlengthstrengthyouth
warmthdepthwidthdeath
最常见的动词后缀有:
-ate:
differentiate
-en:
sharpendarkenstrengthenfasten
broadenthreatenbrightenweaken
en-:
enlargeenableencourageenjoy
-fy:
simplifybeautifyclassify
-ise(-ize):
criticizefertilizemodernizerealize
1.Thatmanwas________enoughnottotellthemanagerthathewouldnotdothejob.
A.care B.careful C.careless D.carelessness
空格处为表语,应填入形容词。
根据句意,此人很马虎,careless符合句意。
2.Thesoldierdiedforsavingthechild,sohis________isheavierthanMountTai.
A.dieB.dead