新概念1语法汇总Word格式文档下载.docx
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在清辅音后面(除外)读/t/e.g.walked,jumped
在浊辅音和元音后读/d/e.g.washed,watched
在/t/,/d/后读/id/e.g.waited,hated
6)形容词和副词的比较级和最高级
比较级
规则1一般加-ere.g.high-higher
规则2以e结尾加-rnice-nicer
规则3以辅音字母加y结尾,变y为i再加-erbusy-busier
规则4重读闭音节结尾,双写辅音字母再加-erfat-fatter
最高级
规则1一般加-este.g.high-highest
规则2以e结尾加-stnice-nicest
规则3以辅音字母加y结尾,变y为i再加-estbusy-busiest
规则4重读闭音节结尾,双写辅音字母再加--estfat-fattest
7)常见缩写:
is='
sIam=I'
mare='
re
isnot=isn'
t/iznt/arenot=aren'
t/a:
nt/
donot=don'
t
doesnot=doesn'
was='
s
didnot=didn'
cannot=can'
have='
ve
has='
havenot=haven'
hasnot=hasn'
will='
ll
willnot=won'
shallnot=shan'
直接引语/间接引语
如果引语的主句所用动词为过去时,那么间接引语要做相应变化:
时态,人称,时间地点及指示词
1)时态变化:
一般现在时——一般过去时
现在进行时——过去进行时
一般过去时——过去完成时
现在完成时——过去完成时
一般将来时——过去将来时
begoingto——was/weregoingto/would
can--could
may--might
2)时间地点及指示词的变化:
here-there,tomorrow-thenextday,thefollowingday,this-that…
3)人称变化:
根据句意改变人称。
4)直接宾语/间接宾语
主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语
直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象,间接宾语是及物动词的动作所涉及的人或事务,也可以说间接宾语表示动作是对谁做的,或者是为谁做的。
所以间接宾语要用名词或者宾格代词来担当。
Hegivesmeabook.(me间接宾语,abook直接宾语)
直接宾语和间接宾语的位置调换时要加一个介词to或for:
主语+及物动词+直接宾语+介词+间接宾语
Givemeabook.=Givethebooktome.
Sendhimaletter.=Sendalettertohim.
Showhimthenewdress.=Showthenewdresstohim.
倒装句:
so/neither的倒装
eg:
Hecanswim.SocanI.
Shedidn'
tgotoclass.NeitherdidI.
结构:
so/neither+be+主语
so/neither+助动词+主语
so/neither+情态动词+主语
助动词:
一般现在时:
do,does/am,is,are
现在进行时:
am,is,are
一般过去时:
did
现在完成时:
have,has
一般将来时:
will,shall
过去进行时:
was,were
过去完成时:
had
过去将来时:
would
祈使句表示请求、命令、建议、邀请等,谓语动词一律用原型,句子中通常不用主语,句末用惊叹好或者句号,用降调。
★肯定句:
动词原型
Comehere,please.
Godownstairs,please.
Standup.
Sitdown.
Bequiet.
Becareful.
祈使句中如果有唤语,一定要用逗号隔开,放在句首或者句尾:
Comein,Amy.
Sitdownhere,Tom.
Mary,givemeabookplease.
★否定:
Don'
t+动词原型
tcomehere.
tsitdown.
tstandup.
tgivemeit.
letsb.do让某人做
Letmepass.
Letushavearest.
Let'
shavearest.
反意疑问:
shaveawalkalongtheriver,shallwe?
Letusgooutforadrink,willyou?
感叹句:
1)What+名词+主语+谓语
Whatabeautifulgirlsheis!
Whattallbuildingstheyare!
2)How+形容词+主语+谓语
Howbeautifulthegirlis!
Howtallthebuildingsare!
•在口语中,感叹句的主语和谓语常常省略:
Whatanicepresent!
(省略itis)
Howdisappointed!
(省略sheis或其它可作本句主、谓的词语)
不定代词及不定副词
some,any,no,every
-thing:
something,anything,nothing,everything
-one:
someone,anyone,anything,everyone
-where:
somewhere,anywhere,anywhere,everywhere
-body:
somebody,anybody,nobody,everybody
例子:
1)Ilookedformybookeverywhere,butIcan’tfinditanywhere.
2)Ifyouwanttogosomewhere,ifyouwanttobesomeone,youmustwakeup.
3)Help!
Somebody?
Anybody?
4)Youarereallysomething.你真了不起!
(口语中常用"
something"
来表示“真像回事儿”,“真行”的意思)
5)Sinceeverybodyishere,let’sbeginourclass.
6)Wheredidyougo?
Iwentnowhere.
7)Nobodyisathome.
need的用法
•表示“需要”时为实意动词,后面可以加名词,也可以加不定式:
Ineedapen.
Doyouneedanybeer?
No,Idon’t.
Ineedtohavearest.
Needdoing=needtobedone(表示被动)
Theflowersneedwatering.=Theflowersneedtobewatered.花需要浇水。
•need在否定时做情态动词使用:
Youneedn’tgosoearly.(=Youdon’tneedtogosoearly.)
MustIcleanthedeskrightnow?
No,youneedn’t.
情态动词的使用
1)情态动词can(能够),must(必须),may(可以)
结构:
主语+can/must/may+动词原型
Hecanmakethetea.
Sallycanairtheroom.
WecanspeakEnglish.
★变疑问句将情态动词移到句首
Canhemakethetea?
CanSallyairtheroom?
CanwespeakEnglish?
★变否定句在情态动词后面加not
Hecannotmakethetea.
Sallycannotairtheroom.
WecannotspeakEnglish.
★肯定回答及否定回答
Yes,hecan./No,hecannot.
Yes,shecan./
No,shecannot.
Yes,wecan./No,wecannot.
★特殊疑问句:
(必背)
Whatcanyoudo?
注意:
情态动词的句子没有第三人称单数的变化,不要在情态动词或动词后面加s。
2)must/haveto的区别
must表示必须,是主观上觉得应该做,haveto是不得不,是由于客观条件逼迫的必要要做
must只能用在表示现在和将来的句子里,而havetodo可以用在任何时态
3)must,may,might表示猜测:
·
mustdo表示对现在事实的猜测
musthavedone表示对过去事实的猜测
musthavebeendoing表示对过去正在进行的事实的猜测
may/mightdo,may/mighthavedone表示没有任何事实依据的猜测,might的可能性更小。
4)can'
t/couldn'
t表示不可能
副词
副词可以修饰形容词,动词,副词或整个句子。
如:
Thebookisverygood.
Herunsfast.
Shecameherequiteearly.
CertainlyIwillgowithyou.
副词变化形式:
•直接在形容词后加-ly:
careful-carefully,slow-slowly
•以辅音字母加y结尾的形容词,把y变i,加-ly:
happy-happily,lucky-luckily
•有些词形容词和副词的形式相同,不需要做任何变化:
fast,hard,late
•有些词加上-ly后意思与原词相差很远:
neary-nearly,high-highly,late-lately
名词
名词分为可数名词和不可数名词:
1)不可数名词
无法分开的东西:
water,tea,bread,milk,rice
抽象的东西:
love,beauty,coldness
不可数名词有以下特点:
不能用a,an修饰;
不能加s;
和单数be动词或动词搭配。
2)可数名词
单数可数名词要用冠词修饰,复数可数名词要在名词后面加s。
名词复数共有以下几种变化:
•规则变化的名词复数形式
规则1一般情况+se.g.shell→shellsbook→books
规则2以s,x,ch,sh结尾+ese.g.fox→foxes
church→churches,bus→buses,watch→watches
规则3以o结尾+s或+ese.g.potato→potatoes,Negro→Negroes,hero→heroes,tomato→tomatoes,(口诀:
黑人英雄爱吃土豆和西红柿),剩下一般加s,radio→radios
规则4以f,fe结尾的,变f,fe为vese.g.life→lives
half→halves,shelf→shelves,city→cities,wife→wives
规则5以辅音字母+y结尾,变y为i+ese.g.sky→skies
fly→flies
•不规则变化的名词复数形式
man(men)
woman(women)
foot(feet)goose(geese)tooth(teeth)
child(children)
sheep(sheep)
deer(deer)
mouse(mice)
fish(fish)
限定词:
some,any,many,much
•some,any修饰可数名词或不可数名词,some用于肯定句,any用于否定句和疑问句。
当期待对方的答案为肯定回答时用some。
Ihavesomemilk.
Idon'
thaveanymilk.
MayIhavesomemilk?
•many修饰可数名词,much修饰不可数名词。
在口语中表示“很多”一般不用many,much,而用alotof,在否定句中表示“很多”用many,much。
Ihavealotofmoney.
thavemuchmoney.
问句:
一般疑问句,特殊疑问句,选择疑问句,反意疑问句,选择疑问句,否定疑问句
1)一般疑问句:
助动词/be动词+主语
Areyouateacher?
Doyouwanttohaveacupoftea?
2)特殊疑问句:
特殊疑问词+一般疑问句
Whatisyourname?
3)选择疑问句:
or
Doyouwantbeeforlamb?
4)反意疑问句:
肯定陈述句+否定疑问部分,否定陈述部分+肯定疑问部分
Youdon'
tneedthatpen,doyou?
5)否定疑问句:
一般疑问句+否定词
Aren'
tyoulucky?
Don'
tyouwanthavearest?
过去将来时
woulddo
Shesaidshewouldgoherethenextmorning.
两个特殊句型:
therebe句型,begoingto结构
1)Begoingto结构——表示打算,准备,计划做某事
★结构:
主语+be动词+goingto+动词原型
Iamgoingtomakeabookcase.
Theyaregoingtopaintit.
Thefatherisgoingtogivethebookcasetohisdaughter.
★变疑问句将be动词移到句首
Areyougoingtomakeabookcase?
Aretheygoingtopaintit?
Isthefathergoingtogivethebookcasetohisdaughter?
★变否定句在be动词后面加not
Iamnotgoingtomakeabookcase.
Thefatherisnotgoingtogivethebookcasetohisdaughter.
Yes,Iam./No,Iamnot.
Yes,theyare./No,theyarenot.
Yes,heis./No,heisnot.
★特殊疑问句(必背)
Whatareyougoingtodo?
Whataretheygoingtodo?
Whatisthefathergoingtodo?
2)Therebe句型——表示哪里有什么东西(某处有某物)
Thereis+单数名词+表示场所的词(一般为介词词组)
Thereisabookinthisroom.
Thereisapenonthetable
Thereare+复数名词+表示场所的词(一般为介词词组)
Therearetwopensonthetable.
Therearethreeschoolsthere.
Isthereabookinthisroom?
Aretheretwopensonthetable?
★变否定句在动词后面加not
Thereisnotabookinthisroom.
Therearenottwopensonthetable.
Yes,thereis./No,thereisnot.
Yes,thereare./No,therearenot.
过去进行时
——表示过去正在进行的动作,经常用在when,while,as引导的状语从句中。
was/were+doing
Whenmyhusbandwasgoingintothediningroomthismorning,hedroppedsomecoinsonthefloor.
TheirfatherwaswatchingTVwhile
theywerehavingdinner.
WastheirfatherwatchingTVwhile
★变否定句在be动词后面加not
Theirfatherwasnot
watchingTVwhile
theywerehavingdinner
过去完成时
用法:
在过去的时间里,两个动作中,发生在前的哪个动作要用过去完成时。
had+过去分词
Aftershehadfinishedherhomework,shewentshopping.
TheyhadsoldthecarbeforeIaskedtheprice.
ThetrainhadleftbeforeIarrivedatthestation.
After/before引导的时间状语从句放在句首要在句子后面加逗号,如果放在主句后则不用加。
★变疑问句将助动词移到句首
Hadshefinishedherhomework?
★变否定句在助动词后面加not
Shehadn'
tfinishedherhomework.
★肯定回答及否定回答
Yes,shehad./No,shehadn'
t.
★特殊疑问句
Whathadshedone?
一般将来时
——表示将来将要发生的动作,经常和tomorrow,nextyear,thedayaftertomorrow,theyearafterthenext,infivehours'
time,etc.表示将来的词联用。
主语+助动词will+动词原形
IwillgotoAmericatomorrow.
ThepilotwillflytoJapanthemonthafterthenext.
Jackwillmoveintohisnewhousetomorrowmorning.
★变疑问句将助动词移到句首
WillyougotoAmericatomorrow?
WillthepilotflytoJapanthemonthafterthenext?
WillJackmoveintohisnewhousetomorrowmorning?
★变否定句在助动词后面加not
IwillnotgotoAmericatomorrow.
Thepilotwill