英国文学史重要资料详细解读Word下载.docx
《英国文学史重要资料详细解读Word下载.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《英国文学史重要资料详细解读Word下载.docx（35页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。
II.Beowulfandballads
Beowulf:
heroicepic;
1stEnglishnationalliterarywork
cf:
FirstChineseliterarywork
TheBookofSongs（ClassicofPoetry）（《诗经》）（305poemsfromXizhoutomiddleChunqiu:
folksongs,sacrificialsongsandceremonialsongs）
III.GeoffreyChaucer（ca1343-1400）
Majorworks:
TheHouseofFame（1379-1384）；
TroilusandCriseyde（1372-1385）；
TheCanterburyTales（1386-1400）
Statusinliterature:
“fatherofEnglishpoetry”&
oneofthegreatestnarrativepoetsinBritain;
firstgreatpoetinthecurrentEnglishlanguage;
IV.Selectedwriting
1.TheCanterburyTales
Originalplan:
acollectionofstoriesinaframetale,between1387and1400about30pilgrimsfromLondontoCanterbury.Eachpilgrim,fromalllayersofsociety,tells4storiestoeachothertokilltimewhiletraveling.
PartIVTheRenaissance
1.
Renaissance
Definition---（Fr.）rebirthorrevival:
aculturalmovementroughlyfrom14thto17thc.,fromItalyinlateMiddleAgesandlatertotherestofEurope;
arevivaloflearningbasedonclassicalsources;
Influence:
literature,philosophy,art,politics,science,religion,&
otheraspectsofintellectualenquiry;
bestknownforartisticdevelopments&
contributionsofsuchpolymaths（博学大师）asLeonardodaVinci&
Michelangelo,whoinspiredtheterm"
Renaissancemen"
.
RenaissancemarkedatransitionfromtheMedievalPeriodtothemodernageinEuropeanhistory.
2）TwofeaturesofRenaissance
（1）athirstforclassicallit.:
TheydiscoveredandreadancientGreek&
Romanclassicswhichledtofloweringofpainting,sculpture,architectureandsoon.
（2）akeeninterestinlifeandhumanactivitiesratherthanreligion
3）Representatives&
theirfamousworks
Leonardo.DaVinci（1452-1519）MonaLisa（1479-1528）,LaGioconda,wifeofFrancescodelGiocondoTheLastSupper1498
2）MichelangelodiLodovicoBuonarrotiSimoni（1475-1564）sculptor,painter,architect&
poetDavidGiganticmarble,startedin1501&
finishedin1504TheHolyFamilywiththeinfantSt.JohntheBaptist（theDoniTondo）TheCreationofAdam（FragmentoftheSistineChapelceiling）1511-12Fresco（壁画）:
TheSeparationofLightandDarkness（1508-1512）,SistineChapel,Vatican
3）Dante（1472-1629）
DanteAlighieri：
poet,prosewriter,lit.theorist,moralphilosopher,politicalthinker
DivineComedy（《神曲》）TobewidelyconsideredthecentralepicpoemofItalianliterature,&
asoneofgreatestworksofworldlit.
2.OldEnglandinTransition
Historicalbackground:
16thc----fromfeudalismtocapitalism:
“sheepdevouredmen”byThomasMore
Absolutemonarchy:
breakoffwiththePope,dissolvingallthemonasteries&
abbeys（修道院）,confiscatingtheirlandsandproclaiminghimselfheadoftheChurchofEngland.AbsolutemonarchyreacheditssummitduringreignofQueenElizabeth（1558-1603）.
HundredYears’WarwithFrance（1336-1453）￫civilwars.
HenryVII（1481-1509）:
Tudordynasty,acentralizedmonarchyofatotallynewtype,whichmettheneedsoftherisingbourgeoisie.
seapowerafterdefeatingSpain
developmentofscience&
art
3.EnglishRenaissance
Definition:
Largelyliterary,agreatnumberofclassicalworksweretranslatedintoEng.during16thc.,whichwascarriedoutbyprogressivethinkersofhumanists.
Chiefinterest:
notinecclesiastical（基督教的;
（与）教会（有关）的）knowledge,butinman,hisenvironment&
doings;
bravefightforemancipation（解放）ofmanfromtyrannyofthechurchandreligiousdogmas.
Greatestachievement:
Elizabethandrama→Shakespeare,C.Marlow（blankverse）&
B.Johnson;
prose→F.Bacon,T.More（Utopia）
Subjectmatter:
awayfromreligioussubjects,&
intootherrealmsofsocial&
personallife
II.WilliamShakespeare（1564-1616）
1.Lifeandcareer
1564:
Borninmarkettown---Stratford-upon-Avon;
1571:
localgrammarschool（Latin&
Greek）;
1585,leftforLondon,1stworkedbytakingcareofhorses,graduallyjoinedactors,&
by1592,aleadingactor.Inadditiontoacting,begantowriteplaysandpoems.
2.Works
Roughly4periods:
37plays,2narrativepoems&
154sonnets
1590-1594--apprenticeship:
earlyhistoryplays&
agroupofcomedies
1595-1600--rapidgrowth&
development:
morecareful&
artisticwork,betterplot,andamarkedincreaseinknowledgeofhumannature
1601-1608--gloomanddepression:
aperiodofhistragedies
1609-1612--restoredserenity:
calmafterstorm
1）Comedy
All’sWellThatEndsWell（darkcomedy）AsYouLikeItTheComedyofErrors
Cymbeline（romantictragiccomedy）（辛白林）Love’sLabour’sLost（《爱的徒劳》）
MeasureforMeasureTheMerryWivesofWindsorMerchantofVenice
AMidsummerNight'
sDreamMuchAdoAboutNothingPericles,PrinceofTyre
TamingoftheShrewTheTempest（骚动）（romantictragicomedy）TroilusandCressida
TwelfthNightTwoGentlemenofVeronaWinter'
sTale（romantictragicomedy）
2）HistoryHenryIV,part1HenryIV,part2HenryV
HenryVI,part1HenryVI,part2HenryVI,part3HenryVIIIKingJohnRichardIIRichardIII
3）TragedyAntonyandCleopatraCoriolanusHamlet*JuliusCaesarKingLear*
Macbeth*Othello*RomeoandJulietTimonofAthensTitusAndronicus
4）PoetrySonnetsALover'
sComplaintTheRapeofLucreceVenusandAdonis
FuneralElegy（哀歌）byW.S.
3.Shakespeare’sachievements
1）Herepresentsthetrendofhistoryingivingvoicetothedesires&
aspirationsofthepeople:
peaceunderastrongmonarchwhowouldunitethewholecountry.
2）Humanism:
Moreimportantthanhishistoricalsenseofhistime,hereflectsthespiritofhisage.
3）Charactersare“round”（manyaspectsordimensions）:
vice&
virtuecommingle,trueofcommonsenseofhumanity;
4）Originality:
thoughdrawingmostlyfromsourcesknowntoaudience,hisplaysareoriginalforhisinstillingintooldmaterialsanewspirit.
5）Shakespeareasagreatpoet---bothagreatdramatist&
poet:
Sonnets,longpoems,hisdramasallinpoeticformrichinimages,conceit（别出心裁的比喻）,metaphors&
symbols;
lyrical,poetical,ecstatic,pathetic（狂喜的）,cynical（愤世嫉俗的）,sarcastic,andironic.
6）ShakespeareasmasteroftheEnglishlanguage:
Acommandofabout15,000wordswithdifferentmeaningsofthesameword,orviceversa;
manyofhisquotations&
phraseshavebeenabsorbedintotheEnglishlg.
4.Workstudy:
Hamlet
Masterart---
madnessreal&
sham;
intentionalkilling&
unintentional;
playwithintheplay;
reversionorsurpriseturnofevents;
hesitation:
bothlove&
hatredforthemother;
killing&
delay;
language&
characterization,etc.
Language
courtly:
elaborate,wittydiscourseHamletismostskilledatrhetoric:
highlydevelopedmetaphors,stichomythia（轮流对白）,&
in9memorablewords,deployingbothanaphora（首语重复）&
asyndeton（连接词省略）:
"
todie:
tosleep—/Tosleep,perchancetodream"
precise&
straightforward，st.puns
Theme
revenge&
struggleforthethronewithinthecourt,butmainpurposewasfortherevelationofsthmoreprofound&
realistic:
contradictionbetweenhumanistidealsandthereality.
Soliloquy（独白）
adramaticspeechdeliveredbyonecharacterspeakingaloudwhileundertheimpressionofbeingalone.Thesoliloquistrevealsinnerthoughts&
feelingstoaudience,eitherinsupposedself-communionorinaconsciouslydirectaddress;
alsoknownasinteriormonologue（内心独白）.
Hamlet'
ssoliloquies
Heinterruptshimself,vocalisingeitherdisgustoragreementwithhimself,&
embellishing（润色）hisownwords.Hehasdifficultyexpressinghimselfdirectlyandinsteadbluntsthrustofhisthoughtwithwordplay.Itisnotuntillateintheplay,afterhisexperiencewiththepirates,thatheisabletoarticulatehisfeelingsfreely.
译文欣赏
生存还是毁灭，这是一个值得考虑的问题；
默然忍受命运暴虐的毒箭，或是挺身反抗人世间无涯的苦难，通过斗争把它们扫清，这两种行为，哪一种更高贵？
死了；
睡着了；
什么都完了；
要是在这一种睡眠之中，我们心头的创痛，以及其他无数血肉之躯所不能避免的打击，都可以从此消失，那正是我们求之不得的结局。
死了；
睡着了也许还会做梦；
嗯，阻碍就在这儿：
因为当我们摆脱了这一具朽腐的皮囊以后，
在那死的睡眠里，究竟将要做些什么梦，那不能不使我们踌躇顾虑。
人们甘心久困于患难之中，也就是为了这个缘故；
谁愿意忍受人世的鞭挞和讥嘲、压迫者的凌辱、傲慢者的冷眼、被轻蔑的爱情的惨痛、法律的迁延、官吏的横暴和费尽辛勤所换来的小人的鄙视，
要是他只要用一柄小小的刀子，就可以清算他自己的一生？
谁愿意负着这样的重担，
在烦劳的生命的压迫下呻吟流汗，倘不是因为惧怕不可知的死后，惧怕那从来不曾有一个旅人回来过的神秘之国，是它迷惑了我们的意志，使我们宁愿忍受目前的磨折，不敢向我们所不知道的痛苦飞去？
这样，重重的顾虑使我们全变成了懦夫，决心那赤热的光彩，被审慎的思维盖上了一层灰色，伟大的事业在这一种考虑之下，也会逆流而退，失去了行动的意义。
且慢！
美丽的奥菲利娅！
——女神，在你的祈祷之中，不要忘记替我忏悔我的罪孽。
3.Sonnets
2types:
Italian&
EnglishorShakespearean
Italiantype:
afterItalianpoetF.Petrarca（1304-74）.14linesbreakintoanoctave（八行诗节,withrhymesabbaabba,describingaproblem）andasestet（六行诗节,withrhymescdecde,cdccdc,orcdedce,providingaresolution）.
EnglishorShakespeareantype:
3quatrains（四行诗）&
acoupletwithrhymesababcdcdefefgg
Italianform:
usu.asubject（problem）intheoctave,thenaturnatbeginningofthesestet,releasingthetensionbuiltupintheoctave.
Shakespeareanform:
awiderrangeofpossibilities:
anideainthe1stquatrain,complicatesitinthe2nd,complicatesitstillfurtherinthe3rd,andresolvesthewholethinginthefinalepigrammatic（警句的）couplet.
III.FrancisBacon（1561-1626）
1561:
sonofagovernmentministerattendedCambridgeat12–16
at
升级会员 