英国文学史重要资料详细解读Word下载.docx

1、II. Beowulf and balladsBeowulf: heroic epic; 1st English national literary workcf: First Chinese literary workThe Book of Songs （Classic of Poetry）（诗经）（305 poems from Xizhou to middle Chunqiu: folk songs, sacrificial songs and ceremonial songs ）III. Geoffrey Chaucer（ca 1343-1400）Major works: The Hou

2、se of Fame （1379-1384） ；Troilus and Criseyde （1372-1385） ；The Canterbury Tales（1386-1400）Status in literature : “father of English poetry” & one of the greatest narrative poets in Britain;first great poet in the current English language;IV. Selected writing1. The Canterbury TalesOriginal plan: a col

3、lection of stories in a frame tale, between 1387 and 1400 about 30 pilgrims from London to Canterbury. Each pilgrim, from all layers of society, tells 4 stories to each other to kill time while traveling.Part IV The Renaissance1.Renaissance Definition-（Fr.）rebirth or revival: a cultural movement rou

4、ghly from 14th to 17th c., from Italy in late Middle Ages and later to the rest of Europe; a revival of learning based on classical sources;Influence: literature, philosophy, art, politics, science, religion, & other aspects of intellectual enquiry; best known for artistic developments & contributio

5、ns of such polymaths（博学大师） as Leonardo da Vinci & Michelangelo, who inspired the term Renaissance men. Renaissance marked a transition from the Medieval Period to the modern age in European history. 2） Two features of Renaissance（1） a thirst for classical lit.: They discovered and read ancient Greek

6、 & Roman classics which led to flowering of painting, sculpture, architecture and so on.（2） a keen interest in life and human activities rather than religion3） Representatives & their famous worksLeonardo. Da Vinci（1452-1519） Mona Lisa （1479-1528）, La Gioconda, wife of Francesco del Giocondo The Las

7、t Supper 1498 2） Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni （1475-1564） sculptor, painter, architect & poet David Gigantic marble, started in 1501 & finished in 1504 The Holy Family with the infant St. John the Baptist （the Doni Tondo） The Creation of Adam （Fragment of the Sistine Chapel ceiling） 15

8、11-12 Fresco（壁画）: The Separation of Light and Darkness （1508-1512）, Sistine Chapel, Vatican 3） Dante （1472-1629）Dante Alighieri： poet, prose writer, lit. theorist, moral philosopher, political thinkerDivine Comedy （神曲） To be widely considered the central epic poem of Italian literature, & as one of

9、greatest works of world lit.2. Old England in TransitionHistorical background: 16th c-from feudalism to capitalism: “sheep devoured men” by Thomas MoreAbsolute monarchy: break off with the Pope, dissolving all the monasteries & abbeys（修道院）, confiscating their lands and proclaiming himself head of th

10、e Church of England. Absolute monarchy reached its summit during reign of Queen Elizabeth（1558-1603）.Hundred Years War with France（1336-1453） civil wars.Henry VII（1481-1509）: Tudor dynasty, a centralized monarchy of a totally new type, which met the needs of the rising bourgeoisie.sea power after de

11、feating Spaindevelopment of science & art3. English RenaissanceDefinition: Largely literary, a great number of classical works were translated into Eng. during 16th c., which was carried out by progressive thinkers of humanists. Chief interest: not in ecclesiastical（基督教的;（与）教会（有关）的）knowledge, but in

12、 man, his environment & doings; brave fight for emancipation（解放） of man from tyranny of the church and religious dogmas.Greatest achievement: Elizabethan drama Shakespeare, C. Marlow （blank verse） & B. Johnson;prose F. Bacon, T. More （Utopia）Subject matter: away from religious subjects, & into other

13、 realms of social & personal lifeII. William Shakespeare （1564-1616）1. Life and career1564: Born in market town- Stratford-upon-Avon; 1571: local grammar school （Latin & Greek）; 1585, left for London, 1st worked by taking care of horses, gradually joined actors, & by 1592, a leading actor. In additi

14、on to acting, began to write plays and poems.2. WorksRoughly 4 periods: 37 plays, 2 narrative poems & 154 sonnets1590 -1594 - apprenticeship: early history plays & a group of comedies 1595 -1600 - rapid growth & development: more careful & artistic work, better plot, and a marked increase in knowled

15、ge of human nature 1601 - 1608- gloom and depression: a period of his tragedies 1609 -1612- restored serenity: calm after storm 1） Comedy Alls Well That Ends Well （dark comedy） As You Like It The Comedy of Errors Cymbeline （romantic tragic comedy）（辛白林） Loves Labours Lost （爱的徒劳）Measure for Measure Th

16、e Merry Wives of Windsor Merchant of Venice A Midsummer Nights Dream Much Ado About Nothing Pericles, Prince of Tyre Taming of the Shrew The Tempest（骚动） （romantic tragicomedy） Troilus and Cressida Twelfth Night Two Gentlemen of Verona Winters Tale （romantic tragicomedy） 2） History Henry IV, part 1 H

17、enry IV, part 2 Henry V Henry VI, part 1 Henry VI, part 2 Henry VI, part 3 Henry VIII King John RichardII Richard III 3） Tragedy Antony and Cleopatra Coriolanus Hamlet * Julius Caesar King Lear *Macbeth * Othello * Romeo and Juliet Timon of Athens Titus Andronicus 4） Poetry Sonnets A Lovers Complain

18、t The Rape of Lucrece Venus and Adonis Funeral Elegy（哀歌） by W.S. 3. Shakespeares achievements1） He represents the trend of history in giving voice to the desires & aspirations of the people: peace under a strong monarch who would unite the whole country.2） Humanism: More important than his historica

19、l sense of his time, he reflects the spirit of his age. 3） Characters are “round”（many aspects or dimensions）: vice & virtue commingle, true of common sense of humanity;4） Originality: though drawing mostly from sources known to audience, his plays are original for his instilling into old materials

20、a new spirit. 5） Shakespeare as a great poet-both a great dramatist & poet:Sonnets, long poems, his dramas all in poetic form rich in images, conceit（别出心裁的比喻）, metaphors & symbols;lyrical, poetical, ecstatic, pathetic（狂喜的）, cynical（愤世嫉俗的）, sarcastic, and ironic. 6） Shakespeare as master of the Engli

21、sh language:A command of about 15,000 words with different meanings of the same word, or vice versa;many of his quotations & phrases have been absorbed into the English lg.4. Work study: HamletMaster art-madness real & sham; intentional killing & unintentional; play within the play;reversion or surp

22、rise turn of events; hesitation: both love & hatred for the mother;killing & delay; language & characterization, etc.Languagecourtly: elaborate, witty discourse Hamlet is most skilled at rhetoric: highly developed metaphors, stichomythia（轮流对白）, & in 9 memorable words, deploying both anaphora（首语重复）&

23、asyndeton（连接词省略）: to die: to sleep / To sleep, perchance to dream precise & straightforward，st. puns Themerevenge & struggle for the throne within the court, but main purpose was for the revelation of sth more profound & realistic: contradiction between humanist ideals and the reality. Soliloquy（独白）

24、a dramatic speech delivered by one character speaking aloud while under the impression of being alone. The soliloquist reveals inner thoughts & feelings to audience, either in supposed self-communion or in a consciously direct address; also known as interior monologue（内心独白）. Hamlets soliloquiesHe in

25、terrupts himself, vocalising either disgust or agreement with himself, & embellishing（润色） his own words. He has difficulty expressing himself directly and instead blunts thrust of his thought with wordplay. It is not until late in the play, after his experience with the pirates, that he is able to a

26、rticulate his feelings freely. 译文欣赏生存还是毁灭，这是一个值得考虑的问题； 默然忍受命运暴虐的毒箭， 或是挺身反抗人世间无涯的苦难，通过斗争把它们扫清，这两种行为，哪一种更高贵？死了；睡着了；什么都完了；要是在这一种睡眠之中，我们心头的创痛， 以及其他无数血肉之躯所不能避免的打击，都可以从此消失，那正是我们求之不得的结局。 死了；睡着了也许还会做梦；嗯，阻碍就在这儿：因为当我们摆脱了这一具朽腐的皮囊以后，在那死的睡眠里，究竟将要做些什么梦，那不能不使我们踌躇顾虑。 人们甘心久困于患难之中，也就是为了这个缘故； 谁愿意忍受人世的鞭挞和讥嘲、压迫者的凌辱、傲慢者的

27、冷眼、被轻蔑的爱情的惨痛、法律的迁延、官吏的横暴和费尽辛勤所换来的小人的鄙视，要是他只要用一柄小小的刀子，就可以清算他自己的一生？ 谁愿意负着这样的重担，在烦劳的生命的压迫下呻吟流汗，倘不是因为惧怕不可知的死后，惧怕那从来不曾有一个旅人回来过的神秘之国，是它迷惑了我们的意志，使我们宁愿忍受目前的磨折，不敢向我们所不知道的痛苦飞去？这样，重重的顾虑使我们全变成了懦夫， 决心那赤热的光彩，被审慎的思维盖上了一层灰色，伟大的事业在这一种考虑 之下，也会逆流而退，失去了行动的意义。且慢！美丽的奥菲利娅！女神，在你的祈祷之中，不要忘记替我忏悔我的罪孽。3. Sonnets2types: Italian

28、& English or Shakespearean Italian type: after Italian poet F. Petrarca （1304-74）. 14 lines break into an octave（八行诗节,with rhymes abbaabba , describing a problem） and a sestet（六行诗节, with rhymes cdecde, cdccdc, or cdedce, providing a resolution）.English or Shakespearean type: 3 quatrains（四行诗） & a cou

29、plet with rhymes abab cdcd efef gg Italian form: usu. a subject （problem） in the octave, then a turn at beginning of the sestet, releasing the tension built up in the octave.Shakespearean form: a wider range of possibilities: an idea in the 1st quatrain, complicates it in the 2nd, complicates it still further in the 3rd, and resolves the whole thing in the final epigrammatic（警句的） couplet. III. Francis Bacon （1561-1626）1561: son of a government minister attended Cambridge at 12 16at