英美概况第七周课件Word下载.docx

英美概况第七周课件Word下载.docx

《英美概况第七周课件Word下载.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《英美概况第七周课件Word下载.docx（46页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

###TheLiteracyRate?

TheliteracyrateinBritainisoneofthehighestintheworldatover99percent.

（文盲率只有1%）

##EducationAim:

Britisheducationaimstodevelopindividualabilitiestothefullandtoshapethoseabilitiesforthebenefitofsocietyasawhole.

Compulsoryschoolingtakesplacebetweentheagesoffiveand16,althoughsomeprovisionismadeforchildrenunderfiveandmanypupilsremainatschoolbeyondtheminimumleavingage.

Post-schooleducationisorganizedflexiblytoprovideawiderangeofopportunitiesforacademicandvocationaleducationandcontinuingstudythroughoutlife.

1.HistoricalImportanceofEducation

（1）Britain’sfirsteducationact,in1870,wasinspiredbythepioneeringexampleofmasscompulsoryeducationinGermanyandprovidedforstate-financedprimaryeducation.

TheElementaryEducationAct1870commonlyknownasForster'

sEducationAct,settheframeworkforschoolingofallchildrenolderthanage5andyoungerthan13inEnglandandWales.

ItwasdraftedbyWilliamForster,aLiberalMP,anditwasintroducedonFebruary17,1870aftercampaigningbytheNationalEducationLeague,althoughnotentirelytotheirrequirements.

（2）LocalEducationAuthorities（LEAs）

ThetermwasintroducedbytheEducationAct1902.TheActdesignatedeachlocalauthority;

eithercountycouncilandcountyboroughcouncil;

wouldsetupacommitteeknownasaLocalEducationAuthority（LEA）.

Thecouncilstookoverthepowersandresponsibilitiesoftheschoolboardsandtechnicalinstructioncommitteesintheirarea.

The1902actalsoestablishedscholarshipsforsecondaryeducation.

（3）TheEducationAct1944

ThenewlycreatedMinistryofEducationestablishedfreeandcompulsorysecondaryeducationuptoage15;

thiswasincreasedtoage16in1973.

LearningtoRead

2.ContrastswithAmericanEducation

ComparedtotheUnitedStates,fewerpeoplegoontohighereducationinBritain,andthereismoreemphasisonsegregatingpupilsatthelowerlevelsonthebasisofability.

MostBritishschoolsarefundedbythecentralgovernment,withlocalgovernmentsprovidingsupplementalfunding.

EnglandandWaleshaveanationalcurriculumofcorecoursesforstudents5to16yearsold,andschoolsareinspectedbytheOfficeforStandardsinEducation.

##Dotheyhavenationaltests?

Nationaltestsattheagesof7,11,and14assessstudents’progress.Schoolsmustprovidereligiouseducationanddailycollectiveworshipforallpupils,althoughparentscanwithdrawtheirchildrenfromthese.

Full-timeschoolbeginsatage5inGreatBritainandatage4inNorthernIreland.Inaddition,abouthalfof3-and4-year-oldsareenrolledinspecializednurseryschoolsorinnurseryclassesatprimaryschools.

InBritain,thetermformisusedtodesignategrade;

oldboysandoldgirlsrefertopeoplewhohavegraduatedfromaschool.Privateschoolsorindependentschoolsarecalledpublicschools,atermthatmeansjusttheoppositeintheUnitedStates.WhatarecalledpublicschoolsintheUnitedStatesarecalledstateschoolsinBritain.Whenapersonissentdownfromschool,itmeansheorshehasbeenthrownout.Grammarschoolsareuniversitypreparatoryschools,mostofwhichhavebeenreplacedbycomprehensiveschoolscateringtostudentsofallacademicabilities.Secondarymodernschoolsprovidevocationaleducationratherpreparationforuniversityentrance.

3.Schools

Parentsarerequiredbylawtoseethattheirchildrenreceiveefficientfull-timeeducation,atschoolorelsewhere,betweentheagesof5and16.

Over11millionchildrenattendBritain’s38,000schools.Mostreceivefreeeducationfinancedfrompublicfunds,butasmallproportionattendschoolswhollyindependentofpublicfinancialsupport.

Boysandgirlsaretaughttogetherinmostprimaryschoolsandinanincreasingnumberofsecondaryschools.

Over80percentofpupilsinmaintainedsecondaryschoolsinEnglandandWalesandover50percentinNorthernIrelandattendmixedschools.

InScotlandnearlyallsecondaryschoolsaremixed.Mostoftheindependentschoolsforyoungerchildrenareco-educational,butofthoseprovidingsecondaryeducationthemajorityaresingle-sex.

###CountryschoolsandVoluntaryschools:

SchoolssupportedfrompublicfundsareoftwomainkindsinEnglandandWales:

countyschoolsandvoluntaryschools.

Countyschoolsareprovidedandmaintainedbylocaleducationauthoritieswhollyoutofpublicfunds.

Voluntaryschoolshavemostlybeenestablishedbyreligiousdenominationsandreceivevaryingamountsofpublicfinanceaccordingtotype（‘aided’,‘controlled’and‘specialagreement’）.

Nearlyathirdofthe30,470schoolsmaintainedbylocaleducationauthoritiesinEnglandandWalesarevoluntaryschools:

some5,900areChurchofEngland,2,660areRomanCatholic,and370belongtoothergroupsandreligiousdenominations.

InNorthernIrelandtherearetwomaincategoriesofschool:

voluntaryschoolswhicharemainly,thoughnotexclusively,underRomanCatholicmanagement.

GovernmentpolicyistoencourageintegrationbetweenProtestantandRomanCatholicschooleducationwherethereisalocaldesireforit,butitisnottheintentiontoenforceintegratededucationagainstthewishesoflocalcommunities.

（1）NurseryandPrimarySchools

Overhalfofallfour-year-oldsandabout15percentofallthree-year-oldsarereceivingeducationinpublicly-maintainedschools.

Inadditionmanychildrenattendinformalpre-schoolplaygroupsorganizedbyparentsandvoluntarybodies.

PrimarySchoolClassroom

NurserySchoolchildrenatPlay

CompulsoryeducationbeginsatfivewhenchildreninEnglandandWalesgotoinfantschoolsordepartments;

atseventheygoontojuniorschoolsordepartments.

Theusualageoftransferfromprimarytosecondaryschoolsis11inEngland,WalesandNorthernIrelandbutanumberoflocalauthoritiesinEnglandhaveestablished‘first’schoolsforpupilsaged5to8or10and‘middle’schoolscoveringvariousagerangesbetween9and14.

InScotland,theprimaryschoolstakechildrenfrom5to12,normallyhavinginfantclassesforchildrenunder7,althoughinafewareasthereareseparateinfantschools.

（2）SecondarySchools中等教育/中学

Thepubliclymaintainedsystemofeducationaimstogiveallchildrenaneducationsuitedtotheirparticularabilities.

Over80percentofthemaintainedsecondaryschoolpopulationinEnglandandWalesattendsome3,600comprehensiveschoolswhichtakepupilswithoutreferencetoabilityoraptitudeandprovideawiderangeofsecondaryeducationforallormostofthechildrenofadistrict.

Theycanbeorganizedinanumberofwaysincludingschoolsthattakethefullsecondaryschoolage-rangefrom1lto18。

###ElevenPlus

IntheUnitedKingdom,the11-plusorElevenplusisanexaminationadministeredtosomestudentsintheirlastyearofprimaryeducation.

Thenamederivesfromthestudentagegroup:

11-12years.TheElevenPlusexaminationwasonceusedthroughouttheUKbutisnowonlyusedinanumberofcountiesandboroughsinEngland,and,morewidely,inNorthernIreland.

（3）IndependentSchools

Independentschoolsreceivenograntsfrompublicfundsbutallareopentoinspectionandmustregisterwiththeappropriategovernmenteducationdepartment.Thereareabout2,300registeredindependentschools.

Independentschoolscaterforpupilsofallages.Thelargestandmostimportantofthemarethepublicschools,whichacceptpupilsatabout12or13yearsofageusuallyonthebasisofafairlydemandingexamination.

Thereareabout460publicschoolsinEnglandandWales,mostofthemsingle-sexandatleastpartlyboarding;

buttherearesomeco-educationalschools,andcertainboys’schoolshaverecentlybeguntoadmitgirlsdirecttotheirtopforms.

##Etonschool伊顿公学

###EtonCollege,alsoknownasEton,isaworld-famousBritishindependentschoolforboys,foundedin1440byKingHenryVI.ItwasfoundedastheKing'

sCollegeofOurLadyofEtonbesideWindsor.

Motto:

MayEtonFlourish

ItislocatedinEton,nearWindsorinEngland,northofWindsorCastle,andisoneoftheoriginalnineEnglishpublicschoolsasdefinedbythePublicSchoolsAct1868.

Ithasaverylonglistofdistinguishedformerpupils,includingeighteenformerBritishPrimeMinisters.Traditionally,Etonhasbeenreferredtoas"

thechiefnurseofEngland'

sstatesmen"

andisoftendescribedasthemostfamouspublicschoolintheworld.

Thetraditionalemphasiswasonclassicalstudies,whichtendedtobedominatedbyLatinandAncientHistory,and,forboyswithsufficientability,ClassicalGreek.Butinrecenttimesthishasradicallychanged:

fore