英语写作技巧Word下载.docx
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3）Butatthesametime,someproblemsremain.
2.明确中心思想
例1．以What’stoBeDoneWithoutWater?
为题，可确定主题思想，列出写作提纲：
1）Waterisindispensabletolife.
2）Butunfortunately,watershortagehasnotdrawneveryone’sattention
3）Wehavetodevelopwaystorefusewaterandutilizingseawater.
也可以从另外角度来写
1）Waterisfoundeverywhere.
2）Withoutwater,therewouldbenolife.
3）Therefore,whatcanwedo?
3．写好提纲
例1．就EnvironmentPollution为题，列出下列短语式提纲
1）Industrialwastes
2）Automobileexhaust
3）Riversaredirty
4）Factorysmoke
5）Lakesarecontaminated
6）Fishdie
7）Citiesarenoisy
8）Garbageiseverywhere
9）Poisonouschemicalsintheair
例2．以MeansofCommunication为题：
1）Firewasusedinancienttimes
2）Bodylanguage----gestures,postures,facialexpressions,etc.
3）Signlanguage
4）Letterwriting
5）Modernmeansofcommunication
A.radio
B.television
C.press
D.telephone
E.fax
F.e-mail
4．写好开头
一篇文章有三个基本组成部分：
引言段（introductoryparagraph）,正文（body）和结尾段（concludingparagraph）。
英语作文常用的开头一般有五种
1）用简单的表述一语道破主题。
2）用一个简短的叙述或描写。
3）用一段与主题有关的对话。
4）用一段与主题有关的轶事或故事作引子。
5）用引语或谚语开头
5．突出主体（正文）
主体是主题的扩展和深化，是对问题的分析和说明。
它可以是一段，也可以是二，三段或更多段落。
一切服从主题的展开，各段应相互衔接，前后联系。
分段时要注意层次，又要注意到段落的一致性和完整性。
主体在篇幅上一般要占百分之七十以上，内容必须丰富，详实，有分析，推理，更要生动有力，实实在在的例子。
例1．
WhyITeach
PeterG.Beidler
1）Whydoyouteach?
MyfriendaskedthequestionwhenItoldhimthatIdidn’twanttobeconsideredforanadministrativeposition.HewaspuzzledthatIdidnotwantwhatwasobviouslya“stepup”towardthatallAmericansaretaughttowantwhentheygrowup:
moneyandpower.
2）CertainlyIdon’tteachbecauseteachingiseasyforme.TeachingisthemostdifficultofthevariouswaysIhaveattemptedtoearnmyliving:
mechanic,carpenter,writer.Forme,teachingisared-eye,sweaty-palm,sinkingstomachprofession.Red-eye,becauseIneverfeelreadytoteachnomatterhowlateIstayuppreparing.Sweaty-palm,becauseI’malwaysnervousbeforeIentertheclassroom,surethatIwillbefoundoutforthefoolthatIam.Sinking-stomach,becauseIleavetheclassroomanhourlaterconvincedthatIwasevenmoreboringthanusual.
3）NordoIteachbecauseIthinkIknowanswers,orbecauseIhaveknowledgeIfeelcompelledtoshare.SometimesIamamazedthatmystudentsactuallytakenotesonwhatIsayinclass!
4）Why,then,doIteach?
5）IteachbecauseIlikethepaceoftheacademiccalendar.June,July,andAugustofferanopportunityforreflection,research,andwriting.
6）Iteachbecauseteachingisaprofessionbuiltonchange.WhenthematerialistheSame,.Ichange---and,moreimportant,mystudentschange.
7）IteachbecauseIlikethefreedomtomakemyownmistakes,tolearnmyownlessons,tostimulatemyselfandmystudents.Asateacher,I’mmyownboss.IfIwantmyfreshmentolearntowritebycreatingtheirowntextbook,whoistosayIcan’t?
Suchcoursesmaybehugefailures,butwecanalllearnfromfailures.
8）IteachbecauseIliketoaskquestionsthatstudentsmuststruggletoanswer.Theworldisfullofrightanswerstobadquestions.Whileteaching,Isometimesfindgoodquestions.
9）IteachbecauseIenjoyfindingwaysofgettingmyselfandmystudentsoutoftheivorytowerandintotherealworld.Ioncetaughtacoursecalled“Self-relianceinaTechnologicalSociety.”My15studentsreadEmerson,Thoreau,andHuxley.Theykeptdiaries.Theywrotetermpapers.
10）Butwealsosetupacorporation,borrowedmoney,purchasedarun-downhouseandpracticedself-reliancebyrenovatingit.Attheendofthesemester,wesoldthehouse,repaidourloan,paidourtaxes,anddistributedtheprofitsamongthegroup.
11）Soteachinggivesmepace,andvariety,andchallenge,andtheopportunitytokeeponlearning.
12）Ihaveleftout,however,themostimportantreasonswhyIteach.
13）OneisVicky.Myfirstdoctoralstudent,Vickywasanenergeticstudentwholaboredatherdissertationonalittle-known14thcenturypoet.Shewrotearticlesandsentthemofftolearnedjournals.Shediditallherself,withanoccasionalnudgefromme.ButIwastherewhenshefinishedherdissertation,learnedthatherarticleswereaccepted,gotajobandwonafellowshiptoHarvardworkingonabookdevelopingideasshe’dfirsthadasmystudent.
14）AnotherreasonisGeorge,whostartedasanengineeringstudent,thenswitchedtoEnglishbecausehedecidedhelikedpeoplebetterthanthings.
15）ThereisJeanne,wholeftcollege,butwasbroughtbackbyherclassmatesbecausetheywantedhertoseetheendoftheself-reliancehouseproject.Iwastherewhenshecameback.Iwastherewhenshetoldmethatshelaterbecameinterestedintheurbanpoorandwentontobecomeacivilrightslawyer.
16）ThereisJacqui,acleaningwomanwhoknowsmorebyintuitionthanmostofuslearnbyanalysis.Jacquihasdecidedtofinishhighschoolandgotocollege.
17）ThesearetherealreasonsIteach,thesepeoplewhogrowandchangeinfrontofme.Beingateacherisbeingpresentatthecreation,whentheclaybeginstobreathe.
18）A“promotion”outofteachingwouldgivememoneyandpower.ButIhavemoney.IgetpaidtodowhatIenjoy:
reading,talkingwithpeople,andaskingquestionslike,“Whatisthepointofbeingrich”?
19）AndIhavepower.Ihavethepowertonudge,tofansparks,tosuggestbooks,topointoutapathway.Whatotherpowermatters?
20）Butteachingofferssomethingbesidesmoneyandpower:
itofferslove.Notonlytheloveoflearningandofbooksandideas,butalsothelovethatateacherfeelsforthatrarestudentwhowalksintoateacher’slifeandbeginstobreathe.Perhapsloveisthewrongword:
magicmightbebetter.
21）Iteachbecause,beingaroundpeoplewhoarebeginningtobreathe,Ioccasionallyfindmyselfcatchingmybreathwiththem.
全文可图示如下：
引言段--------------------------------------------------------------------第一段
“不是因为“------------------------------------------第二段
一般原因
正文“而是因为“第三段
重要原因
“教书：
充满着爱第四段
结尾段---------------------------------------------------------------------第五段
6．认真写好结尾
1）用归纳法点明主题。
2）用概括法总结全文所讨论的问题和要点。
3）展望未来，指明方向，激励读者。
4）采用层递法，使结果成为全文的高潮。
7．认真修改初稿
修改作文从内容（content），组织逻辑（organization）,句子（sentence）和措词（diction）等四个方面重点检查修改，以提高英语作文的质量：
1）Content
A.Isthethesisclear?
Isitsupportedbyenoughfacts（details,reasons,examples,etc.）
B.Isthereirrelevantmaterialthatshouldberemoved?
C.Isthelogicsound?
Aretheregapsinthelogic?
2）Organization
A.Isthearrangementofthematerialclearandlogical?
B.Aretherepropertransitionsbetweensections?
C.Doeseachparagraphhaveaseparatecentralidea?
D.Doestheintroductoryparagraphleadtothemainpointofthepaper?
E.Doestheconcludingparagraphgivethereaderaclearimpressionofwhatthepaperintendstosay?
3）Sentences
A.Aretherestructuralmistakes?
B.Aretherewordyandredundantsentences?
C.Arethereunnecessarysentencesthatmayberemoved?
D.Istherevarietyinsentencetype?
4）Diction
A.Aretherewordsthatarenotappropriateforthetopicorconflictwiththestyleoftherestoftheessay（e.g.toocolloquialortooformal）?
B.AretherewordsorphraseswhicharedirectlytranslatedfromChinesebutwhichmaymeansomethingdifferentinEnglish?
第二部分写作体裁（TypesofWriting）
和写汉语作文一样，英语作文的写法应视写作目的，意图以及题目的性质而定。
通常看到和写的文章共分四类：
描写文，叙述文，说明文和议论文。
1.描写文（Description）
描写是对人物，地点，事物，情景的描写，其目的是要借助形象来传递信息。
写描写文时要注薏以下几个方面：
1）描写我们的感观能感觉到的最具代表性，最能说明问题及最具感染力的人和事。
2）描写的内容必须与文章的主题思想紧密相关。
3）描写文中不仅应有对被描写的景物，事物与人物的概括与总结，还应有具体的
事实和观点以帮助说明主题，使得描写文有血有肉，丰富而充实。
4）描写文中的材料应取舍合理，安排恰当，合乎逻辑，根据不同的情况依照空间
顺序进行描写。
例1
ThecentralcharacterisToney,anitinerantpeddler,skilledgambler,andmaster
gunfighter（总的应象，引入描写）。
Heisblind,yetgiftedwithunusualperceptivepowers（最重要的特征）.Toneyabilities（引入具体的例证）.Hecanshootacointhrownupintotheairbylisteningtoitsturning.Hecanfeelthecolorandvalueofpokerchips.Heisevenabletolocateadelicatecactusblossomsurroundedbythornsfromitsaroma（具体的不同方面的例证）.Ridiculous!
Manyotherpeoplecan’thelpsuspectinghisblindness.
Accompaniedbyhisfaithfulmule,Sisic,Toneybecomesinvolvedinthetownstruggles.Single-handedly,hewipesoutthehiredkillersthroughhisunorthodoxgunplayandunconventionalfightingtechniques,whichconstantlyastoundbystanders（更多的例证）.Continuinghisjourneywestward,Toneyfearlesslymovesonwiththesatisfactionofknowingthatthetownisoutofperil（结束句）.
例2
TheUnitedStatescoversalargepartoftheNorthAmericancontinent.ItsneighborsareCanadatothenorth,andMexicototheSouth.AlthoughtheUnitedStatesisabigcountry,itisnotthelargestintheworld.Itspopulationisnowabout200million（概况）.
Whenthislandfirstbecameanation,afterwinningitsindependencefromEngland,ithadthirteenstares.EachofthestateswasrepresentedontheAmericanflagbyastar.Allthesestateswereintheeasternpartofthecontinent.Asthenationgrewtowardthewest,newstateswereaddedandnewstarsappearedontheflag.Foralongtime,therewere48states.In1959,however,twomorestateswereaddedtotheflag,representingthenewstatesofAlaskaandHawaii（简要的历史）
Indianswerethefirstinhabitantsofthelandwhichisnowthe
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