新课标高二英语暑假作业3Word下载.docx
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第一节(共4小题;
每小题5分,满分20分)
阅读下列短文,从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C、和D)中,选出最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
Peoplehavewonderedforalongtimehowtheirpersonalitiesandbehaviorareformed.Itisnoteasytoexplainwhyonepersonisintelligentandanotherisnot,orwhyoneiscooperativeandanotheriscompetitive.
Socialscientistsareofcourseextremelyinterestedinthesetypesofquestions.Theywanttoexplainwhywepossesscertaincharacteristicsandexhibitcertainbehavior.Therearenoclearanswersyet,buttwodistinctschoolsofthoughtonthematterhavedeveloped.Asonemightexpect,thetwoapproachesareverydifferentfromeachother,andthereisagreatdealofdebatebetweenproponentsofeachtheory.Thecontroversyisoftenconvenientlyreferredtoas“natureandnurture”.
Thosewhosupportthe“nature”sideoftheconflictbelievethatourpersonalitiesandbehaviorpatternsarelargelydeterminedbybiologicalfactors.Thatourenvironmenthaslittle,ifanything,todowithourabilities,characteristicsandbehavioriscentraltothistheory.Takentoanextreme,thistheorystatesthatourbehaviorispredeterminedtosuchagreatdegreethatwearealmostcompletelygovernedbyourinstincts(本能).
Proponentsofthe“nurture”theory,or,astheyareoftencalled,behaviorists,claimthatourenvironmentismoreimportantthanourbiologicallybasedinstinctsindetermininghowwewillact.Abehaviorist,B.F.Skinner,seeshumansasbeingswhosebehaviorisalmostcompletelyshapedbytheirsurroundings.Thebehaviorists'
viewofthehumanbeingisquitemechanistic.Theystatethat,likemachines,humansrespondtoenvironmentalstimuli(刺激)asthebasisoftheirbehavior.
Sociallyandpolitically,theconsequencesofthesetwotheoriesarefar-reaching.IntheUS,forexample,blacksoftenscorebelowwhitesonstandardizedintelligencetests.Thisleadssome“nature”proponentstoconcludethatblacksaregeneticallylowerinstatusthanwhites.Behaviorists,onthecontrary,saythatthedifferencesinscoresareduetothefactthatblacksareoftenrobbedofmanyoftheeducationalandotherenvironmentaladvantagesthatwhitesenjoy,andthat,asaresult,theydonotdevelopthesameresponsesthatwhitesdo.
Neitherofthesetheoriescanyetfullyexplainhumanbehavior.Infact,itisquitelikelythatthekeytoourbehaviorliessomewherebetweenthesetwoextremesandthatthecontroversywillcontinueforalongtimeiscertain.
【小题1】Thispassageismainlyconcernedwith________.
A.relationbetweenpersonalityandbehavior
B.relationbetweenbehaviorandenvironment
C.differentaccountsofpatternsofhumanbehavior
D.differenttheoriesoftheformationofhumanbehavior
【小题2】Theunderlinedword“proponents”inParagraph2means________.
A.creators
B.advisors
C.advocates
D.judges
【小题3】InParagraph5,theauthormainlywritesabout________.
A.theconsiderableinfluenceofthetwotheories
B.differencesbetweentheblacksandwhites
C.racialdiscriminationintheUnitedStates
D.differentrespondstointelligencetests
【小题4】What'
stheauthor'
spurposeinwritingthepassage?
A.Tocallourattentiontothechangesofhumanbehavior.
B.Tourgescientiststodomoreresearchinsocialscience.
C.Togiveusadetailedexplanationofhumanbehavior.
D.Topresentanargumentinthefieldofsocialscience.
第二节(共5小题,每小题2分,满分10分)
根据短文内容,从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项,选项中有两项为多余选项。
Procrastination(拖延)isaphenomenonwearefamiliarwith.Whenweprocrastinate,wewasteourfreetimeandputoffimportanttasksweshoulddotillit’stoolate.
1
Here,Iwillsharesomepersonalstepstakentoovercomeprocrastinationwithgreatsuccess.
Breakyourworkdownintolittleparts.Partofthereasonwhyweprocrastinateisthatwefindtheworktoooverwhelming(巨大的)forus.Breakitdownintolittleparts,andthenfocusononepartatatime.Ifyoustillprocrastinateafterdoingso,breakitdownevenfurther.
2
Changeyourenvironment.Lookatyourworkdeskandyourroom.Dotheymakeyouwanttoworkordotheymakeyousleepy?
3
Createadetailedtimelinewithspecificdeadlines.Havingjustonedeadlineforyourworkislikeaninvitationtoprocrastinate.That’sbecausewewouldgettheimpressionthatwehavetimeandkeeppushingeverythingbackuntilit’stoolate.
4
Inthisway,youknowyouhavetofinisheachtaskbyacertaindate.
5
I’mprettysureifyouspendjust10minutestalkingtopeoplelikeSteveJobsorBillGates,you’llbemoreinspiredtoactthanifyouspendthe10minutesdoingnothing.Thepeoplewearewithinfluenceourbehavior.
A.Soon,yourtaskwillbesosimplethatyouwillbethinkingyoucandoitnow.
B.Seekoutsomeonewhohasalreadyachievedthe