经济学的十条法则PPT课件下载推荐.ppt

经济学的十条法则PPT课件下载推荐.ppt

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Whatgoodsandhowmanyofthemshouldbeproduced?

Whatresourcesshouldbeusedinproduction?

Atwhatpriceshouldthegoodsbesold?

Copyright2004South-Western/ThomsonLearningTENPRINCIPLESOFECONOMICSSocietyandScarceResources:

Themanagementofsocietysresourcesisimportantbecauseresourcesarescarce.Scarcity.meansthatsocietyhaslimitedresourcesandthereforecannotproduceallthegoodsandservicespeoplewishtohave.Copyright2004South-Western/ThomsonLearningTENPRINCIPLESOFECONOMICSEconomicsisthestudyofhowsocietymanagesitsscarceresources.Copyright2004South-Western/ThomsonLearningTENPRINCIPLESOFECONOMICSHowpeoplemakedecisions.Peoplefacetradeoffs.Thecostofsomethingiswhatyougiveuptogetit.Rationalpeoplethinkatthemargin.Peoplerespondtoincentives.Copyright2004South-Western/ThomsonLearningTENPRINCIPLESOFECONOMICSHowpeopleinteractwitheachother.Tradecanmakeeveryonebetteroff.Marketsareusuallyagoodwaytoorganizeeconomicactivity.Governmentscansometimesimproveeconomicoutcomes.Copyright2004South-Western/ThomsonLearningTENPRINCIPLESOFECONOMICSTheforcesandtrendsthataffecthowtheeconomyasawholeworks.Thestandardoflivingdependsonacountrysproduction.Pricesrisewhenthegovernmentprintstoomuchmoney.Societyfacesashort-runtradeoffbetweeninflationandunemployment.Copyright2004South-Western/ThomsonLearningPrinciple#1:

PeopleFaceTradeoffs.“Thereisnosuchthingasafreelunch!

”Copyright2004South-Western/ThomsonLearningMakingdecisionsrequirestradingoffonegoalagainstanother.Principle#1:

PeopleFaceTradeoffs.Togetonething,weusuallyhavetogiveupanotherthing.Gunsv.butterFoodv.clothingLeisuretimev.workEfficiencyv.equityCopyright2004South-Western/ThomsonLearningPrinciple#1:

PeopleFaceTradeoffsEfficiencyv.EquityEfficiencymeanssocietygetsthemostthatitcanfromitsscarceresources.Equitymeansthebenefitsofthoseresourcesaredistributedfairlyamongthemembersofsociety.Copyright2004South-Western/ThomsonLearningPrinciple#2:

TheCostofSomethingIsWhatYouGiveUptoGetIt.Decisionsrequirecomparingcostsandbenefitsofalternatives.Whethertogotocollegeortowork?

Whethertostudyorgooutonadate?

Whethertogotoclassorsleepin?

Theopportunitycostofanitemiswhatyougiveuptoobtainthatitem.Copyright2004South-Western/ThomsonLearningPrinciple#2:

TheCostofSomethingIsWhatYouGiveUptoGetIt.LALakerbasketballstarKobeBryantchosetoskipcollegeandgostraightfromhighschooltotheproswherehehasearnedmillionsofdollars.Copyright2004South-Western/ThomsonLearningPeoplemakedecisionsbycomparingcostsandbenefitsatthemargin.Principle#3:

RationalPeopleThinkattheMargin.Marginalchangesaresmall,incrementaladjustmentstoanexistingplanofaction.Copyright2004South-Western/ThomsonLearningPrinciple#4:

PeopleRespondtoIncentives.Marginalchangesincostsorbenefitsmotivatepeopletorespond.Thedecisiontochooseonealternativeoveranotheroccurswhenthatalternativesmarginalbenefitsexceeditsmarginalcosts!

Copyright2004South-Western/ThomsonLearningPrinciple#5:

TradeCanMakeEveryoneBetterOff.Peoplegainfromtheirabilitytotradewithoneanother.Competitionresultsingainsfromtrading.Tradeallowspeopletospecializeinwhattheydobest.Copyright2004South-Western/ThomsonLearningPrinciple#6:

MarketsAreUsuallyaGoodWaytoOrganizeEconomicActivity.Amarketeconomyisaneconomythatallocatesresourcesthroughthedecentralizeddecisionsofmanyfirmsandhouseholdsastheyinteractinmarketsforgoodsandservices.Householdsdecidewhattobuyandwhotoworkfor.Firmsdecidewhotohireandwhattoproduce.Copyright2004South-Western/ThomsonLearningPrinciple#6:

MarketsAreUsuallyaGoodWaytoOrganizeEconomicActivity.AdamSmithmadetheobservationthathouseholdsandfirmsinteractinginmarketsactasifguidedbyan“invisiblehand.”Becausehouseholdsandfirmslookatpriceswhendecidingwhattobuyandsell,theyunknowinglytakeintoaccountthesocialcostsoftheiractions.Asaresult,pricesguidedecisionmakerstoreachoutcomesthattendtomaximizethewelfareofsocietyasawhole.Copyright2004South-Western/ThomsonLearningPrinciple#7:

GovernmentsCanSometimesImproveMarketOutcomes.Marketfailureoccurswhenthemarketfailstoallocateresourcesefficiently.Whe