语言学教程Chapter3PPT文档格式.ppt

语言学教程Chapter3PPT文档格式.ppt

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nnAsetofforms:

walk,walks,walking,walkednnHowmanywordsarethere?

nnIusuallyhavedinnerat6butyesterdayIhaditatseven.nnHowmanytimesdidtheword“have”occur?

AlexicalitemoralexemennAlexicalitemisanentryinadictionary.AlexemeWRITEWRITEincludesallofitsgrammaticalforms:

nnwrite,writes,writing,wrote,writtennnAgrammaticalunit:

sentenceclausephrasewordmorphemennProblem:

blackboard1.2IdentificationofwordsnnStability:

stablelinguisticunits.nnchairman,butnot*manchairnnRelativeuninterruptibility:

thoughwerecognizethreecomponentsintheworddisappointment,wecannotpauseandaddanothercomponentinbetween,asin*disinterestappointment.nnButwecanaddanotherwordbetweenwords:

Paul,（John）andMary.nnAminimumfreeform:

thesmallestunitthatcanconstituteacompleteutterancebyitself,egnn-IsJanecomingtonight?

nn-Possibly.nnHi.nnWonderful.1.3ClassificationofwordsnnVariablevs.InvariableWords:

nnVariablewords:

write,writes,writing,wrote,written;

cat,cats.nnInvariablewords:

since,when,seldom,through,etc.nnGrammaticalvs.LexicalWords:

nnGrammatical/Functionwords:

conjunctions,prepositions,articles,pronouns.nnLexical/Contentwords:

nouns,verbs,adjectives,adverbs.nnClosed-classvs.Open-classWords:

nnClosed-classwords:

Newmemberscannotnormallybeadded,egpronouns,prepositions,conjunctions,articles,auxiliaries.nnOpen-classwords:

Newmemberscanbeadded,egnouns,verbs,adjectives,andadverbs.nnWordclass:

knownasPartsofSpeechintraditionalgrammar.nnNoun,verb,adjective,adverb,preposition,pronoun,conjunction,interjection,article,etc.nnSomenewtermsinwordclass:

nnParticle:

infinitiveto,negativenot,subordinateunitsinphrasalverbs“getby”,“lookback”,etc.nnAuxiliary:

do,havennModalverbs:

can,will,may,must,etc.nnPro-forms:

substitutesforotherterms.nnPronoun:

he,she,I,they,everyonennPro-adjective:

Yourcarisred.Soishis.nnPro-verb:

HespeaksEnglishbetterthanhedid.nnPro-adverb:

HehopestowinandIhopesotoo.nnPro-locative:

Hewentthere.nnDeterminer:

allthearticles,demonstratives,andquantifiersthatappearbeforethenounanditsmodifiers.nnAsmanyasthreedeterminersmaybeusedineachcaseandthereisafixedorderwhenthereismorethanone.nnPredeterminers:

all,both;

half,one-third,three-quarters;

double,twice,threetimes;

such,what（exclamative）nnCentraldeterminers:

the;

this,these,that,those;

PossP;

we,us;

you;

which,what（relative）,what（interrogative）;

a,another,some,any,no,either,neither;

each,enough,much,more,most,less;

afew,alittlennPostdeterminers:

every;

many,several,few,little;

one,two,three;

（a）dozennn*theiralltroublenn*fivetheallboysnn*allthisboynn*allbothgirls2.MorphologynnMorphology:

thestudyofword-formation,ortheinternalstructureofwords,ortherulesbywhichwordsareformedfromsmallercomponents-morphemes.2.1MorphemesnnThesmallestunitoflanguageintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitthatcannotbefurtherdividedintosmallerunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.2.2TypesofmorphemesnnFreevs.Boundmorphemes:

nnFreemorphemes:

thosethatmayconstitutewordsbythemselves,egboy,girl,table,nation.nnBoundmorphemes:

thosethatcannotoccuralone,eg-s,-ed,dis-,un-.nnRoot:

thebaseformofawordthatcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity,egfriendasinunfriendliness.nnRootsmaybennfree:

thosethatcanstandbythemselves,egblack+board;

nation+-al;

ornnbound:

thosethatcannotstandbythemselves,eg-ceiveinreceive,perceive,conceive.nnAffix:

thetypeofformativethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme.Normallydividedintonnprefix（dis-,un-）andnnsuffix（-en,-ify）.nnBase:

amorphemetowhichanaffixisadded,egnnfriendrootbasennfriendlyroot/base+suffixbasennunfriendlyprefix+basebasennunfriendlinessbase+suffixbase?

nnStem:

amorphemeorcombinationofmorphemestowhichaninflectionalaffixmaybeadded,egfriend+-s;

write+-ing,possibility+-es.nnInflection:

grammaticalendings,egplural,tense,comparative,etc.nnDerivation:

combinationofabaseandanaffixtoformanewword,egfriend+-lyfriendly.2.3Word-formation2.3.1InflectionnnNominalforms:

boys,boysnnVerbforms:

wants,wanted,wantingnnAdjective/adverbforms:

smaller,smallest2.3.2Compounding