Unit16Word文档格式.docx

Unit16Word文档格式.docx

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drillsoflisteninganddiscriminationcomebeforeallattemptsatperformance.AsmostofthestudentshavealreadygoneoversomepracticeinEnglishpronunciation,wewillconcentrateonsomeofthedifficultsounds.AndasweallknowthatEnglishrhythmisnewanddifficulttomostofus,wewillpayspecialattentiontothetrainingofthefeaturesthatarerequiredfortheappropriaterhythm.Theuseofcorrectintonationalsoformsanimportantpartofthecourse.

Suchaperceptualapproachrequiresfromthelearneronlytheminimumoftheoreticalknowledge.Forthisreason,thetheoreticalcommentaryinthiscourseisrestrictedtoessentials.Formoredetailedtheoreticalinformation,suchasmightbeneededbyaninstructororamoreadvancedstudent,theuserisreferredtothefollowingbooks:

AnIntroductiontothePronunciationofEnglish（A.C.Gimson,1970）,BetterEnglishPronunciation（J.D.O'

Connor,1967）andEnglishPhoneticsandPhonology（P.Roach,1983）.

1.Englishphonemes:

discriminationandpronunciation

CorrectdiscriminationofEnglishphonemesisthefirststeptowardsthecorrectpronunciation.ThestudentsneedtolearnthecorrectdiscriminationandpronunciationoftheEnglishconsonantsandvowels.

EnglishConsonants

Thereare24consonantsinEnglish.Theseconsonantsmaybeclassifiedaccordingtothefollowing:

1）placeofarticulation,2）mannerofarticulation,and3）voicing,i.e.voicedorvoiceless.

Accordingtotheplaceofarticulationwemaydistinguishthefollowingtypesofconsonants:

1）bilabial（twolips）

2）labio-dental（topteeth/bottomlip）

3）dental（tonguetip/topteeth）

4）alveolar（tonguetip/toothridge）

5）post-alveolar（tonguetip/hardpalate）

6）palate-alveolar（tonguemid/hardpalate）

7）palatal（tonguemid/hardpalate）

8）velar（tongueback/softpalate）

9）glottal（notlocalized）

Accordingtothemannerofarticulationwecandistinguish:

1）stops（orplosives）

2）fricatives

3）affricates

4）nasals

5）lateral（s）

6）semi-vowels

ItwillbeusefulifweplacetheEnglishconsonantsonachart.Onthefollowingchart,thedifferentplacesofarticulationarearrangedfromlefttorightandthemannerofarticulationisarrangedfromtoptobottom.Wherethereisapairofconsonantswiththesameplaceandmannerofarticulationbutdifferinginwhethertheyarevoicedorvoiceless,thevoicelessoneisplacedtothetopofthevoiced.

Placeofarticulation

Mannerofarticulation

Bilabial

Labio-

Dental

Alveolar

Palato-

alveolar

Palatal

Velar

Glotal

Plosive

p

b

t

d

k

Fricative

f

v

s

z

h

Affricate

Nasal

m

n

Lateral

l

Approximant

w

r

j

EnglishVowels

Thereare20vowelsinEnglishamongwhich12arepurevowelsand8arediphthongs.Adiphthongisaglidefromonevoweltoanotherwithinonesyllable.

TheEnglishpurevowelscanbeclassifiedaccordingto:

1）theheightoftheraisedpartofthetongue,

2）thepartofthetongueraised,

3）thepositionofthelips.

ThechartinthetextbookisoftenusedtodescribetheEnglishpurevowels.Inthechart,thefrontvowelsaretotheleft,andthebackvowelstotheright,theclosevowelsareupmostandtheopenonesatthebottom.Thoseinthecircleareroundedvowelswhilethoseinthesquareareunroundedones（Seetextbook）.ThechartbelowisalsoadescriptionoftheEnglishpurevowels.

Accordingtotheclassification,/i:

/isaclose,frontandunroundedvowel,/u:

/aclose,backandroundedvowel,//anopen,frontunroundedvoweland//anopen,backandroundedvowel.

Theeight