Unit16Word文档格式.docx

1、 drills of listening and discrimination come before all attempts at performance. As most of the students have already gone over some practice in English pronunciation, we will concentrate on some of the difficult sounds. And as we all know that English rhythm is new and difficult to most of us, we w

2、ill pay special attention to the training of the features that are required for the appropriate rhythm. The use of correct intonation also forms an important part of the course. Such a perceptual approach requires from the learner only the minimum of theoretical knowledge. For this reason, the theor

3、etical commentary in this course is restricted to essentials. For more detailed theoretical information, such as might be needed by an instructor or a more advanced student, the user is referred to the following books: An Introduction to the Pronunciation of English （A.C. Gimson, 1970）, Better Engli

4、sh Pronunciation （J.D. OConnor, 1967） and English Phonetics and Phonology （P. Roach, 1983）.1. English phonemes: discrimination and pronunciationCorrect discrimination of English phonemes is the first step towards the correct pronunciation. The students need to learn the correct discrimination and pr

5、onunciation of the English consonants and vowels.English Consonants There are 24 consonants in English. These consonants may be classified according to the following: 1） place of articulation, 2） manner of articulation, and 3） voicing, i.e. voiced or voiceless. According to the place of articulation

6、 we may distinguish the following types of consonants: 1） bilabial （two lips） 2） labio-dental （top teeth/bottom lip） 3） dental （tongue tip/top teeth） 4） alveolar （tongue tip/tooth ridge） 5） post-alveolar （tongue tip/hard palate） 6） palate-alveolar （tongue mid/hard palate） 7） palatal （tongue mid/hard

7、 palate） 8） velar （tongue back/soft palate） 9） glottal （not localized） According to the manner of articulation we can distinguish: 1） stops （or plosives） 2） fricatives 3） affricates 4） nasals 5） lateral（s） 6） semi-vowels It will be useful if we place the English consonants on a chart. On the followi

8、ng chart, the different places of articulation are arranged from left to right and the manner of articulation is arranged from top to bottom. Where there is a pair of consonants with the same place and manner of articulation but differing in whether they are voiced or voiceless, the voiceless one is

9、 placed to the top of the voiced. Place of articulationManner of articulationBilabialLabio-DentalAlveolarPalato-alveolarPalatalVelarGlotal Plosive pbtdkFricativefvszhAffricateNasalmnLaterallApproximantwrjEnglish Vowels There are 20 vowels in English among which 12 are pure vowels and 8 are diphthong

10、s. A diphthong is a glide from one vowel to another within one syllable. The English pure vowels can be classified according to: 1） the height of the raised part of the tongue, 2） the part of the tongue raised, 3） the position of the lips. The chart in the textbook is often used to describe the Engl

11、ish pure vowels. In the chart, the front vowels are to the left, and the back vowels to the right, the close vowels are upmost and the open ones at the bottom. Those in the circle are rounded vowels while those in the square are unrounded ones （See textbook）. The chart below is also a description of the English pure vowels. According to the classification, /i:/ is a close, front and unrounded vowel, /u:/ a close, back and rounded vowel, / an open, front unrounded vowel and / / an open, back and rounded vowel. The eight