拉斯韦尔《社会传播的结构与功能》Word文档格式.docx

拉斯韦尔《社会传播的结构与功能》Word文档格式.docx

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Theactofcommunication

Convenientwaytodescribeanactofcommunicationistoanswerthefollowingquestions:

WhoSaysWhatInWhichChannelToWhomWithWhatEffect?

Thescientificstudyoftheprocessofcommunicationtendstoconcentrateupononeoranotherofthesequestions.Scholarswhostudythe"

who,"

thecommunicator,lookintothefactors

thatinitiateandguidetheactofcommunication.Wecallthissubdivisionofthefieldofresearchcontrolanalysis.Specialistswhofocusuponthe"

sayswhat"

engageincontentanalysis.Thosewholookprimarilyattheradio,press,film,andotherchannelsofcommunicationaredoingmediaanalysis（p.84）.Whentheprincipalconcerniswiththepersonsreachedbythemedia,wespeakofaudienceanalysis.Ifthequestionistheimpactuponaudiences,theproblemiseffectanalysis.

Whethersuchdistinctionsareusefuldependsentirelyuponthedegreeofrefinementwhichisregardedasappropriatetoagivenscientificandmanagerialobjective.Oftenitissimplertocombineaudienceandeffectanalysis,forinstance,thantokeepthemapart.Ontheotherhand,wemaywanttoconcentrateontheanalysisofcontent,andforthispurposesubdividethefieldintothestudyofpurportandstyle,thefirstreferringtothemessage,andthesecondtothearrangementoftheelementsofwhichthemessageiscomposed.

Structureandfunction

Enticingasitistoworkoutthesecategoriesinmoredetail,thepresentdiscussionhasadifferentscope.Wearelessinterestedindividinguptheactofcommunicationthaninviewingtheactasawholeinrelationtotheentiresocialprocess.Anyprocesscanbeexaminedintwoframesofreference,namely,structureandfunction;

andouranalysisofcommunicationwill

dealwiththespecializationsthatcarryoncertainfunctions,ofwhichthefollowingmaybeclearlydistinguished:

（i）thesurveillanceoftheenvironment;

（2）thecorrelationofthepartsofsocietyinrespondingtotheenvironment;

（3）thetransmissionofthesocialheritagefromonegenerationtothenext.

Biologicalequivalences

Attheriskofcallingupfalseanalogies,wecangainperspectiveonhumansocietieswhenwenotethedegreetowhichcommunicationisafeatureoflifeateverylevel.Avitalentity,whetherrelativelyisolatedorinassociation,hasspecializedwaysofreceivingstimulifromtheenvironment.Thesingle-celledorganismorthemany-memberedgrouptendstomaintainaninternalequilibriumandtorespondtochangesintheenvironmentinawaythatmaintainsthisequilibrium.Therespondingprocesscallsforspecializedwaysofbringingthepartsofthewholeintoharmoniousaction（p.85）.Multi-celledanimalsspecializecellstothefunctionofexternalcontactandinternalcorrelation.Thus,amongtheprimates,specializationisexemplifiedbyorganssuchastheearandeye,andthenervoussystemitself.Whenthestimulireceivinganddisseminatingpatternsoperatesmoothly,theseveralpartsoftheanimalactinconcertinreferencetotheenvironment（"

feeding,"

"

fleeing,"

attacking"

）.

Insomeanimalsocietiescertainmembersperformspecializedroles,andsurveytheenvironment.Individualsactas"

sentinels,"

standingapartfromtheherdorflockandcreatingadisturbancewheneveranalarmingchangeoccursinthesurroundings.Thetrumpeting,cackling,orshrillingofthesentinelisenoughtosettheherdinmotion.Amongtheactivitiesengagedinbyspecialized"

leaders"

istheinternalstimulationof"

followers"

toadaptinanorderlymannertothecircumstancesheraldedbythesentinels.

Withinasingle,highlydifferentiatedorganism,incomingnervousimpulsesandoutgoingimpulsesaretransmittedalongfibersthatmakesynapticjunctionwithotherfibers.Thecriticalpointsintheprocessoccurattherelaystations,wherethearrivingimpulsemaybetooweaktoreachthethresholdwhichstirsthenextlinkintoaction.Atthehighercenters,separatecurrentsmodifyoneanother,producingresultsthatdifferinmanywaysfromtheoutcomewheneachisallowedtocontinueaseparatepath.Atanyrelaystationthereisnoconductance,totalconductance,orintermediateconductance.Thesame

an

categoriesapplytowhatgoesonamongmembersofanimalsociety.Theslyfoxmayapproachthebarnyardinawaythatsuppliestoomeagerstimuliforthesentineltosoundthealarm.Ortheattackinganimalmayeliminatethesentinelbeforehemakesmorethanafeebleoutcry.Obviouslythereiseverygradationpossiblebetweentotalconductanceandnoconductance（p.86）.

AttentioninWorldSociety

Whenweexaminetheprocessofcommunicationofanystateintheworldcommunity,wenotethreecategoriesofspecialists.Onegroupsurveysthepoliticalenvironmentofthestateasawhole,anothercorrelatestheresponseoft