托福TPO阅读48原文+题目+答案文档格式.docx

托福TPO阅读48原文+题目+答案文档格式.docx

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　　growthinscience,technology,industry,transport,communications,social

　　change,andthelikethatwegroupunderthebroadtermof“development.”

　　However,themassiveincreaseinpopulationthatinEuropewasatfirst

　　attributedtoindustrializationstartingintheeighteenthcenturyoccurredalso

　　andatthesameperiodinChina,eventhoughtherewasnocomparable

　　industrialization.

　　ItisestimatedthattheChinesepopulationby1600wascloseto150

　　million.ThetransitionbetweentheMingandQingdynasties（theseventeenth

　　century）mayhaveseenadecline,butfrom1741to1851theannualfiguresrose

　　steadilyandspectacularly,perhapsbeginningwith143millionandendingwith

　　432million.Ifweacceptthesetotals,weareconfrontedwithasituationin

　　whichtheChinesepopulationdoubledinthe50yearsfrom1790to1840.If,with

　　greatercaution,weassumelowertotalsintheearlyeighteenthcenturyandonly

　　400millionin1850,westillfaceastartlingfact:

somethinglikeadoubling

　　ofthevastChinesepopulationinthecenturybeforeWesterncontact,foreign

　　trade,andindustrializationcouldhavehadmucheffect.

　　Toexplainthissuddenincreasewecannotpointtofactorsconstantin

　　Chinesesocietybutmustfindconditionsoracombinationoffactorsthatwere

　　newlyeffectiveinthisperiod.Amongtheseisthealmostcompleteinternal

　　peacemaintainedunderManchuruleduringtheeighteenthcentury.Therewasalso

　　anincreaseinforeigntradethroughGuangzhou（southernChina）andsome

　　improvementoftransportationwithintheempire.Controlofdisease,likethe

　　checkingofsmallpoxbyvariolationmayhavebeenimportant.Butofmost

　　criticalimportancewasthefoodsupply.

　　Confrontedwithamultitudeofunreliablefigures,economistshavecompared

　　thepopulationrecordswiththeaggregatedataforcultivatedlandareaand

　　grainproductioninthesixcenturiessince1368.AssumingthatChina’s

　　populationin1400wasabout80million,theeconomistDwightPerkinsconcludes

　　thatitsgrowthto700millionormoreinthe1960swasmadepossiblebya

　　steadyincreaseinthegrainsupply,whichevidentlygrewfiveorsixtimes

　　between1400and1800androseanother50percentbetween1800and1965.This

　　increaseoffoodsupplywasdue

　　perhapshalftotheincreaseofcultivatedarea,particularlybymigration

　　andsettlementinthecentralandwesternprovinces,andhalftogreater

　　productivity—thefarmers’successinraisingmorecropsperunitofland.

　　Thistechnologicaladvancetookmanyforms:

onewasthecontinual

　　introductionfromthesouthofearlier-ripeningvarietiesofrice,whichmade

　　possibledouble-cropping（theproductionoftwoharvestsperyearfromone

　　field）.Newcropssuchascorn（maize）andsweetpotatoesaswellaspeanutsand

　　tobaccowereintroducedfromtheAmericas.Corn,forinstance,canbegrownon

　　thedrysoilandmarginalhilllandofNorthChina,whereitisusedforfood,

　　fuel,andfodderandprovidessomethinglikeone-seventhofthefoodenergy

　　availableinthearea.Thesweetpotato,growinginsandysoilandproviding

　　morefoodenergyperunitoflandthanothercrops,becamethemainfoodofthe

　　poorinmuchoftheSouthChinaricearea.

　　Productivityinagriculturewasalsoimprovedbycapitalinvestments,first

　　ofallinirrigation.From1400to1900thetotalofirrigatedlandseemsto

　　haveincreasedalmostthreetimes.Therewasalsoagaininfarmtools,draft

　　animals,andfertilizer,tosaynothingofthepopulationgrowthitself,which

　　increasedhalfagainasfastascultivatedlandareaandsoincreasedtheratio

　　ofhumanhandsavailableperunitofland.Thustherisingpopulationwasfedby

　　amoreintensiveagriculture,applyingmorelaborandfertilizertothe

　　land.

　　Paragraph1

　　1.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpres