托福TPO阅读48原文+题目+答案文档格式.docx

1、growth in science, technology, industry, transport, communications, socialchange, and the like that we group under the broad term of “development.”However, the massive increase in population that in Europe was at firstattributed to industrialization starting in the eighteenth century occurred alsoan

2、d at the same period in China, even though there was no comparableindustrialization.It is estimated that the Chinese population by 1600 was close to 150million. The transition between the Ming and Qing dynasties （the seventeenthcentury） may have seen a decline, but from 1741 to 1851 the annual figur

3、es rosesteadily and spectacularly, perhaps beginning with 143 million and ending with432 million. If we accept these totals, we are confronted with a situation inwhich the Chinese population doubled in the 50 years from 1790 to 1840. If, withgreater caution, we assume lower totals in the early eight

4、eenth century and only400 million in 1850, we still face a startling fact: something like a doublingof the vast Chinese population in the century before Western contact, foreigntrade, and industrialization could have had much effect.To explain this sudden increase we cannot point to factors constant

5、 inChinese society but must find conditions or a combination of factors that werenewly effective in this period. Among these is the almost complete internalpeace maintained under Manchu rule during the eighteenth century. There was alsoan increase in foreign trade through Guangzhou （southern China）

6、and someimprovement of transportation within the empire. Control of disease, like thechecking of smallpox by variolation may have been important. But of mostcritical importance was the food supply.Confronted with a multitude of unreliable figures, economists have comparedthe population records with

7、the aggregate data for cultivated land area andgrain production in the six centuries since 1368. Assuming that Chinaspopulation in 1400 was about 80 million, the economist Dwight Perkins concludesthat its growth to 700 million or more in the 1960s was made possible by asteady increase in the grain s

8、upply, which evidently grew five or six timesbetween 1400 and 1800 and rose another 50 percent between 1800 and 1965. Thisincrease of food supply was dueperhaps half to the increase of cultivated area, particularly by migrationand settlement in the central and western provinces, and half to greaterp

9、roductivitythe farmers success in raising more crops per unit of land.This technological advance took many forms: one was the continualintroduction from the south of earlier-ripening varieties of rice, which madepossible double-cropping （the production of two harvests per year from onefield）. New cr

10、ops such as corn （maize） and sweet potatoes as well as peanuts andtobacco were introduced from the Americas. Corn, for instance, can be grown onthe dry soil and marginal hill land of North China, where it is used for food,fuel, and fodder and provides something like one-seventh of the food energyava

11、ilable in the area. The sweet potato, growing in sandy soil and providingmore food energy per unit of land than other crops, became the main food of thepoor in much of the South China rice area.Productivity in agriculture was also improved by capital investments, firstof all in irrigation. From 1400

12、 to 1900 the total of irrigated land seems tohave increased almost three times. There was also a gain in farm tools, draftanimals, and fertilizer, to say nothing of the population growth itself, whichincreased half again as fast as cultivated land area and so increased the ratioof human hands available per unit of land. Thus the rising population was fed bya more intensive agriculture, applying more labor and fertilizer to theland.Paragraph 11. Which of the sentences below best expres