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考研英语真题及答案
SectionI
UseofEnglish
Directions:
Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankand
mark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)
AncientGreekphilosopherAristotleviewedlaughteras“abodilyexercise
precioustohealth.”But1someclaimstothecontrary,laughingprobably
haslittleinflueneeonphysicalfitnessLaughterdoes__2short-termchanges
inthefunctionoftheheartanditsbloodvessels,3_heartrateandoxygen
consumptionButbecausehardlaughterisdifficultto__4__,agoodlaughis
unlikelytohave__5nefitstheway,say,walkingorjoggingdoes.
__6__,insteadofstrainingmusclestobuildthem,asexercisedoes,laughter
apparentlyaccomplishesthe__7__,studiesdatingbacktothe1930'sindicate
thatlaughter__8muscles,decreasingmuscletoneforupto45minutes
afterthelaughdiesdown.
Suchbodilyreactionmightconceivablyhelp_9__theeffectsofpsychological
stress.Anyway,theactoflaughingprobablydoesproduceothertypesof
10feedback,thatimproveanindividual'semotionalstate.
__11oneclassicaltheoryofemotion,ourfeelingsarepartiallyrooted
_12__physicalreactions.Itwasarguedattheendofthe19thcenturythat
humansdonotcry13theyaresadbuttheybecomesadwhenthetears
begintoflow.
Althoughsadnessalso14tears,evideneesuggeststhatemotionscan
flow__15muscularresponses.Inanexperimentpublishedin1988,social
psychologistFritzStrackoftheUniversityofwrzburginGermanyasked
volunteersto__16apeneitherwiththeirteeth-therebycreatinganartificial
smile-orwiththeirlips,whichwouldproducea(n)__17expression.Those
forcedtoexercisetheirsmilingmuscles18moreexuberantlytofunny
cartonsthandidthosewhosemouthswerecontractedinafrown,19
thatexpressionsmayinfluenceemotionsratherthanjusttheotherwayaround
20__,thephysicalactoflaughtercouldimprovemood.
[A]among
[A]reflect
[A]stabilizing
[A]transmit
[A]measurable
[A]Inturn
[A]opposite
[A]hardens
[A]aggravate
[A]physical
[A]Exceptfor
[A]with
[A]unless
[A]exhausts
[A]into
[A]fetch
[A]disappointed
[A]adapted
[A]suggesting
[B]except
[C]despite
[D]like
[B]demand
[C]indicate
[D]produce
[B]boosting
[C]impairing
[D]determining
[B]sustain
[C]evaluate
[D]observe
[B]manageable
[C]affordable
[D]renewable
[B]Infact
[C]Inaddition
[D]Inbrief
[B]impossible
[C]average
[D]expected
[B]weakens
[C]tightens
[D]relaxes
[B]generate
[C]moderate
[D]enhance
[B]mental
[C]subconscious
[D]internal
[B]Accordingto
[C]Dueto
[D]Asfor
[B]on
[B]until
[B]follows
[B]from
[B]bite
[B]excited
[B]catered
[B]requiring
[C]in[D]at
[C]if
[C]precedes
[C]towards
[C]pick
[C]joyful
[C]turned
[C]mentioning
[D]because
[D]suppresses
[D]beyond
[D]indifferent
[D]reacted
[D]supposing
[D]hold
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20.[A]Eventually
[B]Consequently
[C]Similarly
[D]Conversely
SectionIIReadingComprehension
PartA
Directions:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing
[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)
Text1
ThedecisionoftheNewYorkPhilharmonictohireAlanGilbertasitsnextmusicdirectorhasbeenthetalkoftheclassical-musicworldeversincethesuddenannouncementofhisappointmentin2009.Forthemostpart,theresponsehasbeenfavorable,tosaytheleast.“Hooray!
Atlast!
”wroteAnthonyTommasini,a
sober-sidedclassical-musiccritic.
Oneofthereasonswhytheappointmentcameassuchasurprise,however,isthatGilbertiscomparativelylittleknown.EvenTommasini,whohadadvocatedGilbert'sappointmentintheTimes,callshim“anunpretentiousmusicianwith
noairoftheformidableconductorabouthim.”Asadescriptionofthenextmusic
directorofanorchestrathathashithertobeenledbymusicianslikeGustav
MahlerandPierreBoulez,thatseemslikelytohavestruckatleastsomeTimes
readersasfaintpraise.
Formypart,IhavenoideawhetherGilbertisagreatconductororevenagoodone.Tobesure,heperformsanimpressivevarietyofinterestingcompositions,butitisnotnecessaryformetovisitAveryFisherHall,oranywhereelse,tohearinterestingorchestralmusic.AllIhavetodoistogotomyCDshelf,orbootupmycomputeranddownloadstillmorerecordedmusicfromiTunes.
Devotedconcertgoerswhoreplythatrecordingsarenosubstituteforliveperformancearemissingthepoint.Forthetime,attention,andmoneyoftheart-lovingpublic,classicalinstrumentalistsmustcompetenotonlywithopera
houses,dancetroupes,theatercompanies,andmuseums,butalsowiththerecordedperformancesofthegreatclassicalmusiciansofthe20thcentury.
Thererecordingsarecheap,availableeverywhere,andveryoftenmuchhigherinartisticqualitythantoday'sliveperformances;moreover,theycanbe
“consumed”atatimeandplaceofthelistener'schoosing.Thewidespread
availabilityofsuchrecordingshasthusbroughtaboutacrisisintheinstitutionofthetraditionalclassicalconcert.
Onepossibleresponseisforclassicalperformerstoprogramattractivenewmusicthatisnotyetavailableonrecord.Gilbert'sowninteruesitcinhansewm
beenwidelynoted:
AlexRoss,aclassical-musiccritic,hasdescribedhimasamanwhoiscapableofturningthePhilharmonicinto“amarkedlydifferent,more
vibrantorganization.”Butwhatwillbethenatureofthatdifference?
Merely
expandingtheorchestra'srepertoirewillnotbeenough.IfGilbertandthe
Philharmonicaretosucceed,theymustfirstchangetherelationshipbetweenAmerica'soldestorchestraandthenewaudienceithopstoattract.
21.WelearnfromPara.1thatGilbert'ntmseanptphoais
[A]incurredcriticism.
[B]raisedsuspicion.
[C]receivedacclaim.
[D]arousedcuriosity.
22.TommasiniregardsGilbertasanartistwhois
[A]influential.
[B]modest.
[C]respectable.
[D]talented.
23.Theauthorbelievesthatthedevotedconcertgoers
[A]ignoretheexpensesofliveperformances.
[B]rejectmostkindsofrecordedperformances.
[C]exaggeratethevarietyofliveperformances.
[D]overestimatethevalueofliveperformances.
24.Accordingtothetext,whichofthefollowingistrueofrecordings?
[A]Theyareofteninferiortoliveconcertsinquality.
[B]Theyareeasilyaccessibletothegeneralpublic.
[C]Theyhelpimprovethequalityofmusic.
[D]Theyhaveonlycoveredmasterpieces.
25.RegardingGilbert'sroleinrevitalizingthePhilharmonic,theauthorfeels
[A]doubtful.
[B]enthusiastic.
[C]confident.
[D]puzzled.
Text2
WhenLiamMcGeedepartedaspresidentofBankofAmericainAugust,hisexplanationwassurprisinglystraightup.Ratherthancloakinghisexitintheusualvagueexcuses,hecamerightoutandsaidhewasleaving“topursuemy
goalofrunningacompany.”Broadcastinghisambitionwas“verymuchmy
decision,”McGeesays.Withintwoweeks,hewastalkingforthefirsttimewith
theboardofHartfordFinancialServicesGroup,whichnamedhimCEOandchairmanonSeptember29.
vedonewherea
sbeen
vebeenhurt
McGeesaysleavingwithoutapositionlinedupgavehimtimetoreflectonwhatkindofcompanyhewantedtorun.Italsosentaclearmessagetotheoutsideworldabouthisaspirations.AndMcGeeisnlone,'recentweekstheNo.2
executivesatAvonandAmericanExpressquitwiththeexplanationthattheywerelookingforaCEOpost.Asboardsscrutinizesuccessionplansinresponsetoshareholderpressure,executiveswhodon'tgetthenodalsomaywiio
moveon.Aturbulentbusinessenvironmentalsohasseniormanagerscautious
oflettingvaguepronouncementscloudtheirreputations.
Asthefirstsignsofrecoverybegintotakehold,deputychiefsmaybemorewillingtomakethejumpwithoutanet.Inthethirdquarter,CEOturnoverwasdown23%fromayearagoasnervousboardsstuckwiththeleaderstheyhad,accordingtoLiberumResearch.Astheeconomypicksup,opportunitieswillaboundforaspiringleaders.
Thedecisiontoquitaseniorpositiontolookforabetteroneisunconventional.
ForyearsexecutivesandheadhuntershaveadheredtotherulethatthemostattractiveCEOcandidatesaretheoneswhomustbepoached.SaysKorn/FerryseniorpartnerDennisCarey:
”Ican'tthinkofasinglesearchI
boardhasnotinstructedmetolookatsittingCEOsfirst.”
Thosewhojumpedwithoutajobhaven'talwaysIandedintoppositions
quickly.EllenMarramquitaschiefofTropicanaadecadeage,sayingshewantedtobeaCEO.Itwasayearbeforeshebecameheadofatiny
Internet-basedcommoditiesexchange.RobertWillumstadleftCitigroupin2005
withambitionstobeaCEO.Hefinallytookthatpostatamajorfinancial
institutionthreeyearslater.
Manyrecruiterssaytheolddisgraceisfadingfortopperformers.Thefinancialcrisishasmadeitmoreacceptabletobebetweenjobsortoleaveabadone.
“Thetraditionalrulewasit'ssafertostaywhereyouare,butthat
fundamentallyinverted,”saysoneheadhunter.“Thepeoplewho
26.WhenMcGeeannouncedhisdeparture,hismannercanbestbedescribedasbeing
[A]arrogant.
[B]
frank.
[C]self-centered.
[D]impulsive.
27.AccordingtoParagraph2,seniorexecutivesing'mayqubiettspurredby
[A]theirexpectationofbetterfinancialstatus.
[B]theirneedtoreflectontheirprivatelife.
[C]theirstrainedrelationswiththeboards.
[D]theirpursuitofnewcareergoals.
28.Theword“poached”(Line3,Paragraph4)mostprobablymeans
[A]approvedof.
[B]attendedto.
[C]huntedfor.
[D]gua