Conversational-ImplicaturePPT资料.ppt

Conversational-ImplicaturePPT资料.ppt

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Ifyoufinishyourmeal,Iwillbuyyouthatdinosaurbook.,Logicalimplicationdoesnotcorrespondwithwhatineverydaylifeweunderstandbyimplicatureorimplies.Inaword,logicandeverydaylifedonotalwayslookatthingsinthesameway.Basedonthisdistinction,wemaysaythatimplicatureisaninferredmeaningwhichisdifferentfromthelogicalmeaning（implication）oftheoriginalutterance.,4.3SignificanceoftheNotionofImplicature4.3.1Thenotionofimplicatureprovidessomeexplicitaccountofhowitispossibletomeanmorethanwhatisactuallysaid,ormorethanwhatisliterallyexpressed.Considerthefollowingexchange:

A:

Shallweholdthefootballmatchtomorrow?

B:

Itisraining.Semanticandliteralmeaning:

hisanswerunrelatedtothequestion.Intendedmeaning:

thefootballmatchwillbecanceledasthegroundiswetandslipperyaftertherain.,Anotherexample:

Canyoutellmethetime?

Well,themilkmanhascome.Bsemanticandliteralmeaning:

Well,themilkmancameatsometimepriortothetimeofspeaking.Bsimplicature:

Sorry,Idontknowtheexacttimeofthepresentmoment,butIcanprovidesomeinformationfromwhichyoumaybeabletodeducetheappropriatetime,namelythemilkmanhascome.,Conclusion:

Thereisagapbetweenwhatisliterallysaidandwhatisimplied.Thisgapissosubstantial（本质的）thatwecannotexpectasemantictheorytoexplainhowwecommunicateusinglanguage.Thenotionofimplicature,however,bridgesthegapbyexplaininghowmeaningsareeffectivelyconveyed.,4.3.2Thenotionofimplcaturesimplifiesboththestructureandthecontentofsemanticdescription.Inthissense,implicaturedoesnotexplainhowawordorexpressionhasseveralliteralmeaningsbutexplainshowawordorexpressioncouldimplydifferentmeaningsbydifferentlanguageusers.e.g.Thelonerangerjumpedonhishorseandrodeintothesunset.ThecapitalofFranceisParisandthecapitalofEnglandisLondon.,Sofromsemanticpointofview,itmayholdthatandhastwomeaningsinthetwosentences.Butfrompragmaticpointofview,itholdsthatthewordandisaconjunction.Itislanguageuserswhouseittoconveyvariousmeaningsunderspecificcontext.Conclusion:

Sointhissense,pragmaticstudyofthenotionofimplicaturesimplifiesboththestructureandthecontentofsemanticdescription.Itholdsthatawordmeaningisgenerallysimple,straightforwardandsteady.Onlycontextmakesawordtakeondifferentshadesofmeanings.e.g.Theclothiswhite.Theclothiswhite,redandgreen.,4.3.3Thenotionofimplicaturehasaverygenerativeexplanatorypower.Withthehelpofthecontext,implicaturemayexplainhowalargenumberofapparentlyunrelatedsentencesmayconveythesamemeaning.Inthiswayimplicaturehelpstomakeourlanguageusecolorful.Takethefollowingsentencesasexamples1）Iwantyoutoclosethedoor.2）Pleaseclosethedoor.3）Canyouclosethedoor?

4）Howaboutabitlessbreeze?

5）Now,Johnny,whatdobigpeopledowhentheycomein?

6）Okay,Johnny,whatamIgoingtosaynext?

Conclusion:

Sointhiscase,implicaturehelpstoexplainhowsomeseeminglyunrelatedsentencescometomeanthesame.Withthehelpofcontext,theuseofimplicaturemakesourlanguageusemorecolorful.Wemayexpressthesamemeaningindifferentwaystosuitappropriatecontexts.（何自然PP67-69）,4.4ConventionalImplicatureThereisthekindofmeaningthatisalwaysassociatedwithanexpressionsothatoneveryoccasionwhentheexpressionoccurs,themeaningoccurs.Thismeaningwhichisnaturallyassociatedwithanexpressionisknownasconventionalimplicature,orentilment（规约含义）,ornaturalmeaning.,Becauselanguageisbasicallyculture-specific,conventionalimplicatureofthesameexpressionmayvaryunderdifferentculturalbackground.Forexample,whitegivestheimplicatureofpurityandchastity（贞操、贞洁）inwesternculturesandisassociatedwithabride;

butitindicates