学术英语医学课后问题答案.docx

学术英语医学课后问题答案.docx

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学术英语医学课后问题答案

Unit1

1、Somefactorsthatmayleadtotheplaint:

·Neuronoverload

·Patients*highexpectations

·Mistrustandmisunderstandingbetweenthepatientandthedoctor

2、Mrs、Osorio’scondition:

·A56-year-oldwoman

·Somewhatoverweight

·Reasonablywell-controlleddiabetesandhypertension

·Cholesterolonthehighsidewithoutanymedicationsforit

·Notenoughexercisessheshouldtake

·HerbonesalittlethinonherlastDEXAscan

3、Goodthings:

·Bloodtestsdone

·Glucosealittlebetter

·HerbloodpressurealittlebetterbutnotsogreatBadthings:

·Cholesterolnotsogreat

·Herweightalittleup

·HerbonesalittlethinonherlastDEXAscan4

4、Thesituation:

·Theauthorwasinamoderatestateofpanic:

jugglingsomanythoughtsaboutMrs、Osorio’sconditionsandtryingtoresolvethemallbeforetheclockrandown、

·Mrs、Osoriomadeatrivialrequest,notsoimportantasparedtoherconditions、

·Mrs、Osorioseemedtocareonlyabouther“innocent—andpletelyjustified—request”:

theformsignedbyherdoctor、

·Thedoctortriedtooratleastpretendedtopayattentiontothepatientwhilepletingdocumentation、

5、Similarities:

·Inputermultitasking,amicroprocessoractuallyperformsonlyonetaskatatime、Likemicroprocessors,wehumanbeingscarftactuallyconcentrateontwothoughtsatthesameexacttime、Multitaskingisjustanillusionbothinputersandhumanbeings、

Differences:

·Theconceptofmultitaskingoriginatedinputerscience、

·Atbest,humanbeingscanjuggleonlyahandfulofthoughtsinamultitaskingmanner,butputerscandomuchbetter、

·Themorethoughtshumanbeingsjuggle,thelesshumanbeingsareabletoattunefullytoanygiventhought,butputerscandomuchbetter、

6、

·7medicalissuestoconsider

·5separatethoughts,atleast,foreachissue

·7x5=35thoughts

·10patientsthatafternoon

·35x10=350thoughts

·5residentsundertheauthorssupervision

·4patientsseenbyeachresident

·10thoughts,atleast,generatedfromeachpatient

·5x4x10=anther200thoughts

·350+200=550thoughtstobehandledintotal

·Ifthedoctordoesagoodjobjuggling98%ofthetime,thatstillleavesabout10thoughtsthatmightgetlostintheprocess、

7、Possiblesolutions:

·puter-generatedreminders

·Casemanagers

·Ancillaryservices

·Thesimplestsolution:

time

Unit2

1、Theauthorimplies:

•Peoplesinadequateconsciousnessabouttheconsequenceofneglectingthere-emerginginfectiousdiseases

·Unjustifiabilityofpeoplesplacencyaboutthepreventionandcontroloftheinfectiousdiseases

·Unfinishedwaragainstinfectiousdiseases

2、Victorydeclarations:

·SurgeonGeneralWilliamStewart'shyperbolicstatementofclosing“thebookoninfectiousdisease”、

·Astringofimpressivevictoriesincurredbyantibioticsandvaccines

·ThethoughtthatthewaragainstinfectiousdiseaseswasalmostoverWhatfollowedeversince:

·AppearanceofnewdiseasessuchasAIDSandEbola

·ebackoftheoldafflictions:

»DiphtheriaintheformerSovietUnion

»TBinurbancenterslikeNewYorkCity

»RisingGroupAstreptococcalconditionslikescarletfever

·Thefearofapowerfulnewflustrainsweepingtheworld

3、Elaborateonthejoinedbattle:

·WHOestablishedanewdivisiondevotedtoworldwidesurveillanceandcontrolofemergingdiseaseinOctober1995、

·CDClaunchedapreventionstrategyin1994、

·Congressraisedfundfrom$6、7millionin1995to$26millionin1997、

4、Thebordersaremeaninglesstopathogenicmicrobes,whichcantravelfromonecountrytoanotherremotecountryinaveryshorttime、

5、TB:

·PrisonsandhomelesssheltersasidealplacesforTBspread

·Emergingofdrug-resistantstrainorevenmulti-drug-resistantstrain

·ArideontheHIVw^onbyattackingtheimmunopromised

GroupAstrep:

·Achangeinvirulence

·Mutationintheexteriorofthebacterium

Flu:

Constantchangesinitscoat（surfaceantigens）andresultantchangesinitslevelofvirulence

6、Examples:

·ExperimentinEnglandisseeingthewaningimmunitybecauseofnovaccination、

·Duetopoorvaccinationefforts,thediphtheriasituationintheformerSovietUnionisserious、'

•ThevaccinationratesaredroppinginsomeAmericancities,anditwillleadtomorediphtheriaandwhoopingcough、

7、Thefourareasoffocus:

·Theneedforsurveillance

·Updatedsciencecapableofdealingwithdiscoveriesinthefield

·Appropriatepreventionandcontrol

·Strongpublichealthinfrastructure

8、TheinfectiousdiseasessuchasTB,flu,diphtheriaandscarletfeverwillneverreallygoaway,andthewaragainstthemwillneverend、

Unit3

1、Terry'slifebefore

·ShelovedpracticingTaeKwonDo

·Shelovedthesurgeofadrenalinethatcamewiththecontrolledbatoftournaments、

·Shepetednationally,evenwonbronzemedalinthetrialsforthePanAmericanGames、

·Sheattendedmedicalschool,practicedasaninternalmedicineresident,andbecameanacademicgeneralinternist、

·Shegotmarriedandgotasonandadaughter、

2、ThesymptomsofMSandautoimmunedisease:

·Lossofstaminaandstrength

·Problemswithbalance

·Boutsofhorrificfacialpain

·Dipsinvisualacuity

3、Terrydidthefollowingbeforesheself-experimented:

·Shestartedinjections、

·Sheadoptedmanypharmacotherapies、

·Shebeganherownstudyofliterature:

»ShereadarticlesonwebsitessuchasPubMed、

»ShesearchedforarticlestestingnewMSdrugsinanimalmodels、

»Sheturnedtoarticlesconcerningneurodegenerationofalltypes—dementia,Parkinson'sdisease,Huntington'sdisease,andLouGehrig'sdisease、

»Sherelearnedbasicsciencessuchascellularphysiology,biochemistry,andneurophysiology、

4、ApproachesTerrymainlyused:

·Self-experimentationwithvariousnutrientstoslowneurodegenerationbasedonliteraturereportsonanimalmodels

·Self-experimentationwithneuromuscularelectricalstimulationwhichisnotanapprovedtreatmentforMS

·Onlinesearchtoidentifythesourcesofmicronutrientsandhavinganewdiet

·Reductionoffoodallergiesandtoxicload

5、Casesmentionedinthetext:

·Increasedmercurystoresinthebrainsofpeoplewithdentalfillings

·HighlevelsoftheherbicideatrazineinprivatewellsinIowa

·Thestrongassociationbetweenpesticideexposureandneurodegeneration

·Theassociationofsinglenucleotidepolymorphismsinvolvingmetabolismofsulfurand/orBvitamins

·Inefficientclearingoftoxins

6、With70%to90%oftheriskfordiabetes,heartdisease,cancer,andautoimmunitybeingduetoenvironmentalfactorsotherthanthegenes,wecantakemanyhealthproblemsandthehealthcarecrisisunderourcontrol,forexample,optimizingournutritionandreducingourtoxicload、

Unit4

1、Twoconcepts:

·plementarymedicinereferstotheuseofconventionaltherapiestogetherwithalternativetreatmentssuchasusingacupunctureinadditiontousualcaretohelplessenpain、plementaryandalternativemedicineisshortenedasCAM、

·Alternativemedicinereferstohealingtreatmentsthatarenotpartofconventionaltherapies—likeacupuncture,massagetherapy,orherbalmedicine、Theyarecalledsobecausepeopleusedtoconsiderpracticesliketheseoutsidethemainstream、

2

·TCMdoesnotrequireadvanced,plicated,andinmostcases,expensivefacilities、

·TCMemploysneedles,cups,coins,tomentionbutafew、

·MostproceduresandoperationsofTCMarenoninvasive、

·Thesubstancesusedasmedicinearerawherbsorabstractsfromthem,andtheyareindeedallnatural,fromnature、

·TCMhasbeenpracticedaslongastheChinesehistory,sotheefficiencyisprovenandensured、

·Ongoingresearcharoundtheworldonacupuncture,herbs,massageandTaiChihaveshedlightonsomeofthetheoriesandpracticesofTCM

3、Itmaybeusedasanadjuncttreatment,analternative,orpartofaprehensivemanagementprogramforanumberofconditions:

post-operativeandchemotherapyinducednauseaandvomiting,post-operativedentalpain,addiction,strokerehabilitation,headache,menstrualcramps,tenniselbow,fibromyalgia,myofascialpain,osteoarthritis,lowbackpain,carpaltunnelsyndrome,andasthma、

4、Awell-justifiedNO:

·Moreintenseresearchtouncoveradditionalareasfortheuseofacupuncture

·Higheradoptionofacupunctureasamontherapeuticmodalitynotonlyintreatmentbutalsoinpreventionofdiseaseandpromotionofwellness

·Explorationandperfectionofinnovativemethodsofacupuncturepointstimulationwithtechnologicaladvancement

·Improvedunderstandingofneuroscienceandotheraspectsofhumanphysiologyandfunctionbybasicresearchonacupuncture

·Greaterinterestbystakeholders

·Anincreasingnumberofphysicianacupuncturists

5、

·Appropriateusesofherbsdependonproperguidance:

»ProperTCMdiagnosisofthezhengofthepatient

»Correctselectionofthecorrespondingtherapeuticstrategiesandprinciplesthatguidethechoiceofherbsandherbalformulas

·Digressionfromeitheroftheaboveguidencewillleadtomisusesofherbs,andwillresultinplicationsinpatient

6、

·Randomizedcontrolledtrials

Advantages:

»Eliminationofthepotentialbiasintheallocationofparticipantstotheinterventiongrouporcontrolgroup

»Tendencytoproduceparablegroups

»Guaranteedvalidityofstatisticaltestsofsignificance

Limitations:

»Difficultyingeneralizingtheresultsobtainedfromtheselectedsamplingtothepopulationasawhole

»Apoorchoiceforresearchwheretemporalfactorsareanissue

»Extremelyheavyresources,requiringverylargesamplegroups

•Quasi-experiments

Advantages:

»Controlgroupparisonspossible

»Reducedthreatstoexternalvalidityasnaturalenvironmentsdonotsufferthesameproblemsofartificialityasparedtoawell-co