衡水二轮英语第1部分 专题1 考点4.docx

衡水二轮英语第1部分 专题1 考点4.docx

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衡水二轮英语第1部分专题1考点4

第一编　专题一　考点4

[层级一　真题题组]

A

（2018·北京卷,D）

PreparingCitiesforRobotCars

Thepossibilityofself－drivingrobotcarshasoftenseemedlikeafuturist'sdream,yearsawayfrommaterializingintherealworld.Well,thefutureisapparentlynow.TheCaliforniaDepartmentofMotorVehiclesbegangivingpermitsinAprilforcompaniestotesttrulyself－drivingcarsonpublicroads.Thestatealsoclearedthewayforcompaniestosellorrentoutself－drivingcars,andforcompaniestooperatedriverlesstaxiservices.California,itshouldbenoted,isn'tleadingthewayhere.Companieshavebeentestingtheirvehiclesincitiesacrossthecountry.It'shardtopredictwhendriverlesscarswillbeeverywhereonourroads.Buthoweverlongittakes,thetechnologyhasthepotentialtochangeourtransportationsystemsandourcities,forbetterorforworse,dependingonhowthetransformationisregulated.

Whilemuchofthedebatesofarhasbeenfocusedonthesafetyofdriverlesscars（andrightfullyso）,policymakersalsoshouldbetalkingabouthowself－drivingvehiclescanhelpreducetrafficjams,cutemissions（排放）andoffermoreconvenient,affordablemobilityoptions.Thearrivalofdriverlessvehiclesisachancetomakesurethatthosevehiclesareenvironmentallyfriendlyandmoreshared.

Dowewanttocopy—orevenworsen—thetrafficoftodaywithdriverlesscars？

Imagineafuturewheremostadultsownindividualself－drivingvehicles.Theytoleratelong,slowjourneystoandfromworkonpackedhighwaysbecausetheycanwork,entertainthemselvesorsleepontheride,whichencouragesurbanspread.Theytaketheirdriverlesscartoanappointmentandsettheemptyvehicletocirclethebuildingtoavoidpayingforparking.Insteadofwalkingafewblockstopickupachildorthedrycleaning,theysendtheself－drivingminibus.Theconvenienceevenleadsfewerpeopletotakepublictransport—anunwelcomesideeffectresearchershavealreadyfoundinride－hailing（叫车）services.

AstudyfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaatDavissuggestedthatreplacingpetrol－poweredprivatecarsworldwidewithelectric,self－drivingandsharedsystemscouldreducecarbonemissionsfromtransportation80%andcutthecostoftransportationinfrastructure（基础设施）andoperations40%by2050.Feweremissionsandcheapertravelsoundprettyappealing.Thefirstcommerciallyavailabledriverlesscarswillalmostcertainlybefieldedbyride－hailingservices,consideringthecostofself－drivingtechnologyaswellasliabilityandmaintenanceissues（责任与维护问题）．Butdriverlesscarownershipcouldincreaseasthepricesdropandmorepeoplebecomecomfortablewiththetechnology.

Policymakersshouldstartthinkingnowabouthowtomakesuretheappearanceofdriverlessvehiclesdoesn'textendtheworstaspectsofthecar－controlledtransportationsystemwehavetoday.Thecomingtechnologicaladvancementpresentsachanceforcitiesandstatestodeveloptransportationsystemsdesignedtomovemorepeople,andmoreaffordably.Thecarofthefutureiscoming.Wejusthavetoplanforit.

文章大意：

本文是一篇议论文.文章围绕无人驾驶汽车这项前沿科技话题,对以下方面进行了讨论：

对无人驾驶汽车最大的担忧,对无人驾驶汽车未来发展的态度以及可能会出现的管理问题.通篇讨论了无人驾驶汽车的管理问题,引导考生辩证地看待问题.

1．Accordingtotheauthor,attentionshouldbepaidtohowdriverlesscarscan_A__.

A．helpdealwithtransportation－relatedproblems

B．providebetterservicestocustomers

C．causedamagetoourenvironment

D．makesomepeoplelosejobs

解析：

细节理解题.根据第二段第一句“Whilemuchofthedebatesofarhasbeenfocusedonthesafety...policymakersalsoshouldbetalkingabouthowself－drivingvehiclescanhelpreducetrafficjams,cutemissionsandoffermoreconvenient,affordablemobilityoptions.”可知,人们对无人驾驶汽车的关注点在于其安全性以及有助于减少交通拥堵等方面.选项A“有助于解决与交通有关的问题”与此意思吻合.

2．Asfordriverlesscars,whatistheauthor'smajorconcern？

_D__

A．Safety.　　　　　　B．Sideeffects.

C．Affordability.D．Management.

解析：

推理判断题.根据最后一段第一句“Policymakersshouldstartthinkingnowabouthowtomakesuretheappearanceofdriverlessvehiclesdoesn'textendtheworstaspectsofthecar－controlledtransportationsystemwehavetoday.”并结合上文内容可知,作者希望政策的制定者要考虑这些无人驾驶车辆的管理,不要扩大现有汽车管理运输系统中的最糟糕的方面,与选项D提到的“（车辆）管理”吻合,显然这是作者比较关心的.

3．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“fielded”inParagraph4probablymean？

_A__

A．Employed.B．Replaced.

C．Shared.D．Reduced.

解析：

词义猜测题.根据第四段中画线词所在句的前半部分内容thefirstcommerciallyavailabledriverlesscarswillalmostcertainly并结合下句中asthepricesdropandmorepeoplebecomecomfortablewiththetechnology可知,随着价格的降低以及人们对这项技术开始应用自如,第一批上市的无人驾驶车辆会被用到“叫车服务”中.选项A“使用”符合题意.

4．Whatistheauthor'sattitudetothefutureofself－drivingcars？

_B__

A．Doubtful.B．Positive.

C．Disapproving.D．Sympathetic.

解析：

推理判断题.根据最后一段最后两句“Thecarofthefutureiscoming.Wejusthavetoplanforit.”可知,无人驾驶车辆的时代马上来到,准备好迎接它的到来吧.由此推断作者对于这种新科技持积极乐观的态度.

B

（2017·全国卷Ⅱ,B）

IfirstmetPaulNewmanin1968,whenGeorgeRoyHill,thedirectorofButchCassidyandtheSundanceKid,introducedusinNewYorkCity.Whenthestudiodidn'twantmeforthefilm—itwantedsomebodyaswellknownasPaul—hestoodupforme.Idon'tknowhowmanypeoplewouldhavedonethat;theywouldhavelistenedtotheiragentsorthestudiopowers.

ThefriendshipthatgrewoutoftheexperienceofmakingthatfilmandTheStingfouryearslaterhaditsrootinthefactthatalthoughtherewasanagedifference,webothcamefromatraditionoftheaterandliveTV.Wewererespectfulofcraft（技艺）andfocusedondiggingintothecharactersweweregoingtoplay.BothofushadthequalitiesandvirtuesthataretypicalofAmericanactors:

humorous,aggressive,andmakingfunofeachother—butalwayswithanunderlyingaffection.Thosewerealsoatthecore（核心）ofourrelationshipoffthescreen.

Wesharedthebeliefthatifyou'refortunateenoughtohavesuccess,youshouldputsomethingback—hewithhisNewman'sOwnfoodandhisHoleintheWallcampsforkidswhoareseriouslyill,andmewithSundanceandtheinstituteandthefestival.PaulandIdidn'tseeeachotherallthatregularly,butsharingthatbroughtustogether.Wesupportedeachotherfinanciallyandbyshowingupatevents.

Ilastsawhimafewmonthsago.He'dbeeninandoutofthehospital.HeandIbothknewwhatthedealwas,andwedidn'ttalkaboutit.Ourswasarelationshipthatdidn'tneedalotofwords.

文章大意：

本文是一篇记叙文.作者讲述了与Paul的相识及与其建立友谊的原因,虽不常见面但是却因共同的信念而保持着友谊.

5．Whywasthestudiounwillingtogivetheroletoauthoratfirst？

_C__

A．PaulNewmanwantedit.

B．Thestudiopowersdidn'tlikehisagent.

C．Hewasn'tfamousenough.

D．Thedirectorrecommendedsomeoneelse.

解析：

考查细节理解.根据第一段中的“Whenthestudiodidn'twantmeforthefilm—itwantedsomebodyaswellknownasPaul—hestoodupforme”可知,摄影棚起初不愿意给作者角色的原因是想找一个与Paul一样著名的人物.故可知作者当时不够有名.该题选C项.

6．WhydidPaulandtheauthorhavealastingfriendship？

_D__

A．Theywereofthesameage.

B．Theyworkedinthesametheater.

C．Theywerebothgoodactors.

D．Theyhavesimilarcharacteristics.

解析：

考查推理判断.根据文章第二段中的“Wewererespectfulofcraft（技艺）andfocusedondiggingintothecharactersweweregoingtoplay.BothofushadthequalitiesandvirtuesthataretypicalofAmericanactors”可知,作者与Paul之所以拥有持久的友谊是因为他们有相似的性格特征.故D项符合题意.

7．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“that”inParagraph3referto？

_A__

A．Theirbelief.

B．Theircareforchildren.

C．Theirsuccess.

D．Theirsupportforeachother.

解析：

考查代词指代.根据第三段中的“Wesharedthebeliefthatifyou'refortunateenoughtohavesuccess,youshouldputsomethingback”可知,下文的内容是对thebelief的解释,that引导同位语从句,解释说明thebelief的具体内容.下文提到了我们并不经常见面,但是分享这个信念把我们带到了一起.故选A项.

8．Whatistheauthor'spurposeinwritingthetext？

_B__

A．Toshowhisloveoffilms.

B．Torememberafriend.

C．Tointroduceanewmovie.

D．Tosharehisactingexperience.

解析：

考查写作目的.根据全文内容,尤其是第一段中的“IfirstmetPaulNewmanin1968”以及最后一段中的“Ilastsawhimafewmonthsago”可知,该篇文章的写作目的是回忆一位朋友,所以选B项.

C

（2017·江苏卷,B）

Beforebirth,babiescantellthedifferencebetweenloudsoundsandvoices.Theycanevendistinguishtheirmother'svoicefromthatofafemalestranger.Butwhenitcomestoembryoniclearning（胎教）,birdscouldrule_the_roost.AsrecentlyreportedinTheAuk:

OrnithologicalAdvances,somemotherbirdsmayteachtheiryoungtosingevenbeforetheyhatch（孵化）．New－bornchickscanthenimitatetheirmom'scallwithinafewdaysofenteringtheworld.

Thiseducationalmethodwasfirstobservedin2012bySoniaKleindorfer,abiologistatFlindersUniversityinSouthAustralia,andhercolleagues.FemaleAustraliansuperbfairywrenswerefoundtorepeatonesoundoverandoveragainwhilehatchingtheireggs.Whentheeggswerehatched,thebabybirdsmadethesimilarchirptotheirmothers—asoundthatservedastheirregular“feedme！

”call.

Tofindoutifthespecialqualitywasmorewidespreadinbirds,theresearcherssoughtthered－backedfairywren,anotherspeciesofAustraliansongbird.Firsttheycollectedsounddatafrom67nestsinfoursitesinQueenslandbeforeandafterhatching.Thentheyidentifiedbeggingcallsbyanalyzingtheorderandnumberofnotes.Acomputeranalysisblindlycomparedcallsproducedbymothersandchicks,rankingthembysimilarity.

Itturnsoutthatbabyred－backedfairywrensalsoemergechirpingliketheirmoms.Andthemorefrequentlymothershadcalledtotheireggs,themoresimilarwerethebabies'beggingcalls.Inaddition,theteamsetupaseparateexperimentthatsuggestedthatthebabybirdsthatmostcloselyimitatedtheirmom'svoicewererewardedwiththemostfood.

Thisobservationhintsthateffectiveembryoniclearningcouldsignalneurological（神经系统的）strengthsofchildrentoparents.Anevolutionaryinferencecanthenbedrawn.“Asaparent,doyouinvestinqualitychildren,ordoyouinvestinchildrenthatareinneed？

”Kleindorferasks.“Ourresultssuggestthattheymightbegoingforquality.”

文章大意：

研究发现胎教并非人类独有,一些鸟儿在这方面做得甚至更出色.

9．Theunderlinedphrasei