新托福词汇分类突破101135.docx

新托福词汇分类突破101135.docx

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新托福词汇分类突破101135

101

Movementmayoccuralsoindirectresponsetoanoutsidestimulus;thus,ataponthekneecausesajerk,andalightshoneintotheeyemakesthepupilcontract.Theseinvoluntaryresponsesarecalledreflexes.

oinresponseto[in][ris5pCns][tu:

]prep.相应，回应

ostimulus[5stimjulEs]n.刺激

otap[tAp]n.轻打

ojerk[dVE:

k]n.抽搐

opupil[5pju:

pl]n.瞳孔

ocontract[kCn5trAkt]v.收缩

oreflex[5ri:

fleks]n.反射

102

Muscularcontractionsdonotalwayscauseactualmovement.Asmallfractionofthetotalnumberoffibersinmostmusclesareusuallycontracting.Thisservestomaintainthepostureofalimbandenablesthelimbtoresistpassiveelongationorstretch.Thisslightcontinuouscontractioniscalledmuscletone.

ocontraction[kEn5trAkFEn]n.收缩

ofraction[5frAkFEn]n.（小）部分

ofiber[5faibE]n.纤维

oposture[5pCstFE]n.（身体的）姿势

oresist[ri5zist]v.抵抗,反抗

opassiveelongation[5pAsiv][7i:

lCN5^eiFEn]n.被动延伸

ostretch[stretF]n.伸展

ocontinuous[kEn5tinjuEs]adj.连续的

omuscletone[5mQsl][tEun]n.肌肉弹性，肌肉张力

103

CirculatorySystem

Inpassingthroughthesystem,bloodpumpedbytheheartfollowsawindingcoursethroughtherightchambersoftheheart,intothelungs,whereitpicksupoxygen,andbackintotheleftchambersoftheheart.Fromtheseitispumpedintothemainartery,theaorta,whichbranchesintoincreasinglysmallerarteriesuntilitpassesthroughthesmallest,knownasarterioles.Beyondthearterioles,thebloodpassesthroughavastamountoftiny,thin-walledstructurescalledcapillaries.Here,thebloodgivesupitsoxygenanditsnutrientstothetissuesandabsorbsfromthemcarbondioxideandotherwasteproductsofmetabolism.Thebloodcompletesitscircuitbypassingthroughsmallveinsthatjointoformincreasinglylargervesselsuntilitreachesthelargestveins,theinferiorandsuperiorvenaecavae,whichreturnittotherightsideoftheheart.Bloodispropelledmainlybycontractionsoftheheartandarteries;contractionsofskeletalmusclealsocontributetocirculation.Valvesintheheartandintheveinsensureitsflowinonedirection.

ocirculatorysystem[sE:

kju5leitEri][5sistEm]n.循环系统

opump[pQmp]v.输送

owinding[5waindiN]adj.弯曲的

ochamber[5tFeimbE]n.心室

opickup[pik][Qp]v.获得

ooxygen[5aksidVEn]n.氧气

oartery[5B:

tEri]n.动脉

oaorta[ei5C:

tE]n.大动脉

oarteriole[B:

5tiEriEu]n.微动脉

ovast[vB:

st]adj.大量的

ocapillary[kA5pileri]n.毛细血管

ogiveup[^iv][Qp]v.把…输送到…

onutrient[5nu:

triEnt]n.营养物质

otissue[5tisu:

]n.组织

oabsorb[Eb5sC:

b]v.吸收

ocarbondioxide[5kB:

bEn][dai5Cksaid]n.二氧化碳

ometabolism[me5tAbElizEm]n.新陈代谢

ocircuit[5sE:

kit]n.一圈

ovein[vein]n.静脉

ovessel[5vesl]n.血管

oinferior[in5fiEriE]adj.处于下方的

osuperior[su:

5piEriE]adj.处于上方的

ovenaecavae[5vi:

ni:

][5kivi:

]n.腔静脉（singular:

vena[5vi:

nE]cava[5ki:

vE]）

opropel[prE5pel]v.推动

ocirculation[7sE:

kju5leiFEn]n.循环

ovalve[vAlv]n.瓣膜

104

ImmuneSystem

Thebodydefendsitselfagainstforeignproteinsandinfectiousmicroorganismsbymeansofacomplexdualsystemthatdependsonrecognizingaportionofthesurfacepatternoftheinvader.Thetwopartsofthesystemaretermedcellularimmunity,inwhichlymphocytesaretheeffectiveagent,andhumoralimmunity,basedontheactionofantibodymolecules.

oimmunesystem[i5mju:

n][5sistEm]n.免疫系统

odefend[di5fend]v.防卫

oforeign[5fCrin]adj.异质的，外来的

oprotein[5prEuti:

n]n.蛋白质

oinfectious[in5fekFEs]adj.有传染性的

omicroorganism[maikrEu5C:

^EnizEm]n.微生物

odualsystem[5du:

El][5sistEm]n.双重系统

orecognize[5reki^naiz]v.认出

oinvader[in5veidE]n.侵入物

olymphocyte[5limfEsait]n.淋巴细胞

oagent[5eidVEnt]n.作用物

ocellularimmunity[5seljulE][i5mju:

niti]n.细胞免疫

ohumoralimmunity[5hju:

mErEl][i5mju:

niti]n.体液免疫

oantibodymolecule[5Anti7bCdi][5mClikju:

l]n.抗体分子

105

Lymphocytes,whichresemblebloodplasmaincomposition,aremanufacturedinthebonemarrowandmultiplyinthethymusandspleen.Theycirculateinthebloodstream,penetratingthewallsofthebloodcapillariestoreachthecellsofthetissues.Whenparticularlymphocytesrecognizeaforeignmolecularpattern（termedanantigen）,theyreleaseantibodiesingreatnumbers.Antibodiesattachthemselvestotheantigenandinthatwaymarkthemfordestructionbyothersubstancesinthebody’sdefensearsenal.Theseareprimarilycomplement,acomplexofenzymesthatmakeholesinforeigncells,andphagocytes,cellsthatengulfanddigestforeignmatter.

oresemble[ri5zembl]v.类似

oplasma[5plAzmE]n.血浆

obonemarrow[bEun][5mArEu]n.骨髓

omultiply[5mQltipli]v.增加

othymus[5WaimEs]n.胸腺

ospleen[spli:

n]n.脾

ocirculate[5sE:

kjuleit]v.循环

openetrate[5penEtreit]v.穿透

oantigen[5AntidVEn]n.抗原

oantibody[5Anti7bCdi]n.抗体

oattachto[E5tAtF][tu:

]v.把...放在

oarsenal[5B:

sEnEl]n.武器库

ocomplement[5ka:

mplimEnt]n.补体

oenzyme[5enzaim]n.酶

ophagocyte[5fA^Esait]n.吞噬细胞

oengulf[in5^Qlf]v.吞噬

odigest[dai5dVest]v.消化

106

RespiratorySystem

Inthelungs,oxygenenterstinycapillaries,whereitcombineswithhemoglobinintheredbloodcellsandiscarriedtothetissues.Inhalingdrawsintothelungsairthatishigherinoxygenandlowerincarbondioxide;exhalingforcesfromthelungsairthatishighincarbondioxideandlowinoxygen.Changesinthesizeandgrosscapacityofthechestarecontrolledbycontractionsofthediaphragmandofthemusclesbetweentheribs.

orespiratorysystem[res5pErEtC:

ri][5sistEm]n.呼吸系统

olung[lQN]n.肺

ohemoglobin[7hi:

mE5^lEubEn]n.血色素

oinhale[in5heil]v.吸气

oexhale[eks5heil]v.呼气

ogrosscapacity[^rEus][kE5pAsEti]n.总容量

ochest[tFest]n.胸腔

odiaphragm[5daiEfrAm]n.隔膜

orib[rib]n.肋骨

107

DigestiveandExcretorySystems

Afterfoodisbrokenintofragmentsbychewingandmixedwithsaliva,digestionbegins.Thefoodpassesdownthegulletintothestomach,wheretheprocessiscontinuedbythegastricandintestinaljuices.Thereafter,themixtureoffoodandsecretions,calledchyme,ispusheddownthealimentarycanalbyperistalsis,rhythmiccontractionsofthesmoothmuscleofthegastrointestinalsystem.Absorptionofnutrientsfromchymeoccursmainlyinthesmallintestine;unabsorbedfoodandsecretionsandwastesubstancesfromtheliverpasstothelargeintestinesandareexpelledasfeces.Waterandwater-solublesubstancestravelviathebloodstreamfromtheintestinestothekidneys,whichabsorballtheconstituentsofthebloodplasmaexceptitsproteins.Thekidneysreturnmostofthewaterandsaltstothebody,whileexcretingothersaltsandwasteproducts,alongwithexcesswater,asurine.

oexcretory[eks5kri:

tEri]adj.排泄的

ofragment[5frA^mEnt]n.碎片

ochew[tFu:

]v.咀爵

osaliva[sE5laivE]n.唾液

odigestion[dai5dVestFEn]n.消化

ogullet[5^QlEt]n.食道

ostomach[5stQmEk]n.胃

ogastric[5^Astrik]adj.胃的

ointestinal[in5testEnl]adj.肠的

ojuice[dVu:

s]n.体液

osecretion[si5kri:

FEn]n.液体分泌物

ochyme[kaim]n.食糜：

部分消化的食物的稠状半流体物，从胃进入十二指肠

oalimentarycanal[7AlE5mentEri][kE5nAl]n.消化道

operistalsis[7peri5stC:

lsis]n.蠕动

ogastrointestinal[7^AstrEuin5testEnl]adj.肠胃的

oabsorption[Eb5sC:

pFEn]n.吸收

onutrient[5nu:

triEnt]n.营养物质

osmallintestine[smC:

l][in5testEn]n.小肠

owastesubstance[weist][5sQbstEns]n.废物

oliver[5livE]n.肝脏

olargeintestine[lB:

dV][in5testEn]n.大肠

oexpel[iks5pel]v.排出

ofeces[5fi:

si:

z]n.粪便

owater-soluble[5wC:

tE][5sCljubl]adj.可溶于水的

ovia[5vaiE]prep.通过

okidney[5kidni]n.肾

oconstituent[kEn5stitFuEnt]n.成分

oexcrete[iks5kri:

t]v.分泌,排泄

ourine[5juErin]n.尿

108

TheEndocrineSystem

Inadditiontotheintegrativeactionofthenervoussystem,controlofvariousbodyfunctionsisexertedbytheendocrineglands.Animportantpartofthissystem,thepituitary,liesatthebaseofthebrain.Thismasterglandsecretesavarietyofhormones.Theposteriorlobeofthepituitarysecretesvasopressin,whichactsonthekidneytocontrolthevolumeofurine.Otherglandsintheendocrinesystemarethepancreas,whichsecretesinsulin,andtheparathyroid,whichsecretesahormonethatregulatesthequantityofcalciumandphosphorusintheblood.

oendocrine[5endEukrEn]adj.内分泌的

oexert[i^5zE:

t]v.行使（职权等），使受（影响等）

ogland[^lAnd]n.腺

opituitary[pE5tu:

iteri]v.大脑垂体

osecrete[si5kri:

t]v.分泌

ohormone[5hC:

mEun]n.荷尔蒙

oposterior[pCs5tiEriE]adj.后面的，尾部的

oposteriorlobe[pCs5tiEriE][lEub]n.后叶

ovasopressin[7veizEu5presin]n.血管加压素，血压激素

opancreas[5pANkriEs]n.胰腺

oinsulin[5insElEn]n.胰岛素

oparathyroid[7pArE5WairCid]adj.甲状旁腺

oregulate[5re^juleit]v.控制

ocalcium[5kAlsiEm]n.钙

ophosphorus[5fasfErEs]n.磷

109

TheReproductiveSystem

Reproductionisaccomplishedbytheunionofmalespermandthefemaleovum.Incoitus,themaleorganejaculatesmorethan250millionspermintothevagina,fromwhichsomemaketheirwaytotheuterus.Ovulation,thereleaseofaneggintotheuterus,occursapproximatelyevery28days;duringthesameperiodtheuterusispreparedfortheimplantationofafertilizedovumbytheactionofestrogens.Ifamalecellfailstounitewithafemalecell,otherhormonescausetheuterinewalltosloughoffduringmenstruation.Frompubertytomenopause,theprocessofovulation,andpreparation,andmenstruationisrepeatedmonthlyexceptforperiodsofpregnancy.

oreproduction[7ri:

prE5dQkFEn]n.生殖，繁殖

oaccomplish[E5kCmpliF]v.完成

osperm[spE:

m]n.精子

oovum[5EuvEm]n.卵子

ocoitus[5kEuitEs]n.性交

oejaculate[i5dVAkjuleit]v.射精

ovagina[vE5dVainE]n.阴道

outerus[5ju:

tErEs]n.子宫

oovulation[7Cvju5leiFEn]n