新托福词汇分类突破101135.docx
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新托福词汇分类突破101135
101
Movementmayoccuralsoindirectresponsetoanoutsidestimulus;thus,ataponthekneecausesajerk,andalightshoneintotheeyemakesthepupilcontract.Theseinvoluntaryresponsesarecalledreflexes.
oinresponseto[in][ris5pCns][tu:
]prep.相应,回应
ostimulus[5stimjulEs]n.刺激
otap[tAp]n.轻打
ojerk[dVE:
k]n.抽搐
opupil[5pju:
pl]n.瞳孔
ocontract[kCn5trAkt]v.收缩
oreflex[5ri:
fleks]n.反射
102
Muscularcontractionsdonotalwayscauseactualmovement.Asmallfractionofthetotalnumberoffibersinmostmusclesareusuallycontracting.Thisservestomaintainthepostureofalimbandenablesthelimbtoresistpassiveelongationorstretch.Thisslightcontinuouscontractioniscalledmuscletone.
ocontraction[kEn5trAkFEn]n.收缩
ofraction[5frAkFEn]n.(小)部分
ofiber[5faibE]n.纤维
oposture[5pCstFE]n.(身体的)姿势
oresist[ri5zist]v.抵抗,反抗
opassiveelongation[5pAsiv][7i:
lCN5^eiFEn]n.被动延伸
ostretch[stretF]n.伸展
ocontinuous[kEn5tinjuEs]adj.连续的
omuscletone[5mQsl][tEun]n.肌肉弹性,肌肉张力
103
CirculatorySystem
Inpassingthroughthesystem,bloodpumpedbytheheartfollowsawindingcoursethroughtherightchambersoftheheart,intothelungs,whereitpicksupoxygen,andbackintotheleftchambersoftheheart.Fromtheseitispumpedintothemainartery,theaorta,whichbranchesintoincreasinglysmallerarteriesuntilitpassesthroughthesmallest,knownasarterioles.Beyondthearterioles,thebloodpassesthroughavastamountoftiny,thin-walledstructurescalledcapillaries.Here,thebloodgivesupitsoxygenanditsnutrientstothetissuesandabsorbsfromthemcarbondioxideandotherwasteproductsofmetabolism.Thebloodcompletesitscircuitbypassingthroughsmallveinsthatjointoformincreasinglylargervesselsuntilitreachesthelargestveins,theinferiorandsuperiorvenaecavae,whichreturnittotherightsideoftheheart.Bloodispropelledmainlybycontractionsoftheheartandarteries;contractionsofskeletalmusclealsocontributetocirculation.Valvesintheheartandintheveinsensureitsflowinonedirection.
ocirculatorysystem[sE:
kju5leitEri][5sistEm]n.循环系统
opump[pQmp]v.输送
owinding[5waindiN]adj.弯曲的
ochamber[5tFeimbE]n.心室
opickup[pik][Qp]v.获得
ooxygen[5aksidVEn]n.氧气
oartery[5B:
tEri]n.动脉
oaorta[ei5C:
tE]n.大动脉
oarteriole[B:
5tiEriEu]n.微动脉
ovast[vB:
st]adj.大量的
ocapillary[kA5pileri]n.毛细血管
ogiveup[^iv][Qp]v.把…输送到…
onutrient[5nu:
triEnt]n.营养物质
otissue[5tisu:
]n.组织
oabsorb[Eb5sC:
b]v.吸收
ocarbondioxide[5kB:
bEn][dai5Cksaid]n.二氧化碳
ometabolism[me5tAbElizEm]n.新陈代谢
ocircuit[5sE:
kit]n.一圈
ovein[vein]n.静脉
ovessel[5vesl]n.血管
oinferior[in5fiEriE]adj.处于下方的
osuperior[su:
5piEriE]adj.处于上方的
ovenaecavae[5vi:
ni:
][5kivi:
]n.腔静脉(singular:
vena[5vi:
nE]cava[5ki:
vE])
opropel[prE5pel]v.推动
ocirculation[7sE:
kju5leiFEn]n.循环
ovalve[vAlv]n.瓣膜
104
ImmuneSystem
Thebodydefendsitselfagainstforeignproteinsandinfectiousmicroorganismsbymeansofacomplexdualsystemthatdependsonrecognizingaportionofthesurfacepatternoftheinvader.Thetwopartsofthesystemaretermedcellularimmunity,inwhichlymphocytesaretheeffectiveagent,andhumoralimmunity,basedontheactionofantibodymolecules.
oimmunesystem[i5mju:
n][5sistEm]n.免疫系统
odefend[di5fend]v.防卫
oforeign[5fCrin]adj.异质的,外来的
oprotein[5prEuti:
n]n.蛋白质
oinfectious[in5fekFEs]adj.有传染性的
omicroorganism[maikrEu5C:
^EnizEm]n.微生物
odualsystem[5du:
El][5sistEm]n.双重系统
orecognize[5reki^naiz]v.认出
oinvader[in5veidE]n.侵入物
olymphocyte[5limfEsait]n.淋巴细胞
oagent[5eidVEnt]n.作用物
ocellularimmunity[5seljulE][i5mju:
niti]n.细胞免疫
ohumoralimmunity[5hju:
mErEl][i5mju:
niti]n.体液免疫
oantibodymolecule[5Anti7bCdi][5mClikju:
l]n.抗体分子
105
Lymphocytes,whichresemblebloodplasmaincomposition,aremanufacturedinthebonemarrowandmultiplyinthethymusandspleen.Theycirculateinthebloodstream,penetratingthewallsofthebloodcapillariestoreachthecellsofthetissues.Whenparticularlymphocytesrecognizeaforeignmolecularpattern(termedanantigen),theyreleaseantibodiesingreatnumbers.Antibodiesattachthemselvestotheantigenandinthatwaymarkthemfordestructionbyothersubstancesinthebody’sdefensearsenal.Theseareprimarilycomplement,acomplexofenzymesthatmakeholesinforeigncells,andphagocytes,cellsthatengulfanddigestforeignmatter.
oresemble[ri5zembl]v.类似
oplasma[5plAzmE]n.血浆
obonemarrow[bEun][5mArEu]n.骨髓
omultiply[5mQltipli]v.增加
othymus[5WaimEs]n.胸腺
ospleen[spli:
n]n.脾
ocirculate[5sE:
kjuleit]v.循环
openetrate[5penEtreit]v.穿透
oantigen[5AntidVEn]n.抗原
oantibody[5Anti7bCdi]n.抗体
oattachto[E5tAtF][tu:
]v.把...放在
oarsenal[5B:
sEnEl]n.武器库
ocomplement[5ka:
mplimEnt]n.补体
oenzyme[5enzaim]n.酶
ophagocyte[5fA^Esait]n.吞噬细胞
oengulf[in5^Qlf]v.吞噬
odigest[dai5dVest]v.消化
106
RespiratorySystem
Inthelungs,oxygenenterstinycapillaries,whereitcombineswithhemoglobinintheredbloodcellsandiscarriedtothetissues.Inhalingdrawsintothelungsairthatishigherinoxygenandlowerincarbondioxide;exhalingforcesfromthelungsairthatishighincarbondioxideandlowinoxygen.Changesinthesizeandgrosscapacityofthechestarecontrolledbycontractionsofthediaphragmandofthemusclesbetweentheribs.
orespiratorysystem[res5pErEtC:
ri][5sistEm]n.呼吸系统
olung[lQN]n.肺
ohemoglobin[7hi:
mE5^lEubEn]n.血色素
oinhale[in5heil]v.吸气
oexhale[eks5heil]v.呼气
ogrosscapacity[^rEus][kE5pAsEti]n.总容量
ochest[tFest]n.胸腔
odiaphragm[5daiEfrAm]n.隔膜
orib[rib]n.肋骨
107
DigestiveandExcretorySystems
Afterfoodisbrokenintofragmentsbychewingandmixedwithsaliva,digestionbegins.Thefoodpassesdownthegulletintothestomach,wheretheprocessiscontinuedbythegastricandintestinaljuices.Thereafter,themixtureoffoodandsecretions,calledchyme,ispusheddownthealimentarycanalbyperistalsis,rhythmiccontractionsofthesmoothmuscleofthegastrointestinalsystem.Absorptionofnutrientsfromchymeoccursmainlyinthesmallintestine;unabsorbedfoodandsecretionsandwastesubstancesfromtheliverpasstothelargeintestinesandareexpelledasfeces.Waterandwater-solublesubstancestravelviathebloodstreamfromtheintestinestothekidneys,whichabsorballtheconstituentsofthebloodplasmaexceptitsproteins.Thekidneysreturnmostofthewaterandsaltstothebody,whileexcretingothersaltsandwasteproducts,alongwithexcesswater,asurine.
oexcretory[eks5kri:
tEri]adj.排泄的
ofragment[5frA^mEnt]n.碎片
ochew[tFu:
]v.咀爵
osaliva[sE5laivE]n.唾液
odigestion[dai5dVestFEn]n.消化
ogullet[5^QlEt]n.食道
ostomach[5stQmEk]n.胃
ogastric[5^Astrik]adj.胃的
ointestinal[in5testEnl]adj.肠的
ojuice[dVu:
s]n.体液
osecretion[si5kri:
FEn]n.液体分泌物
ochyme[kaim]n.食糜:
部分消化的食物的稠状半流体物,从胃进入十二指肠
oalimentarycanal[7AlE5mentEri][kE5nAl]n.消化道
operistalsis[7peri5stC:
lsis]n.蠕动
ogastrointestinal[7^AstrEuin5testEnl]adj.肠胃的
oabsorption[Eb5sC:
pFEn]n.吸收
onutrient[5nu:
triEnt]n.营养物质
osmallintestine[smC:
l][in5testEn]n.小肠
owastesubstance[weist][5sQbstEns]n.废物
oliver[5livE]n.肝脏
olargeintestine[lB:
dV][in5testEn]n.大肠
oexpel[iks5pel]v.排出
ofeces[5fi:
si:
z]n.粪便
owater-soluble[5wC:
tE][5sCljubl]adj.可溶于水的
ovia[5vaiE]prep.通过
okidney[5kidni]n.肾
oconstituent[kEn5stitFuEnt]n.成分
oexcrete[iks5kri:
t]v.分泌,排泄
ourine[5juErin]n.尿
108
TheEndocrineSystem
Inadditiontotheintegrativeactionofthenervoussystem,controlofvariousbodyfunctionsisexertedbytheendocrineglands.Animportantpartofthissystem,thepituitary,liesatthebaseofthebrain.Thismasterglandsecretesavarietyofhormones.Theposteriorlobeofthepituitarysecretesvasopressin,whichactsonthekidneytocontrolthevolumeofurine.Otherglandsintheendocrinesystemarethepancreas,whichsecretesinsulin,andtheparathyroid,whichsecretesahormonethatregulatesthequantityofcalciumandphosphorusintheblood.
oendocrine[5endEukrEn]adj.内分泌的
oexert[i^5zE:
t]v.行使(职权等),使受(影响等)
ogland[^lAnd]n.腺
opituitary[pE5tu:
iteri]v.大脑垂体
osecrete[si5kri:
t]v.分泌
ohormone[5hC:
mEun]n.荷尔蒙
oposterior[pCs5tiEriE]adj.后面的,尾部的
oposteriorlobe[pCs5tiEriE][lEub]n.后叶
ovasopressin[7veizEu5presin]n.血管加压素,血压激素
opancreas[5pANkriEs]n.胰腺
oinsulin[5insElEn]n.胰岛素
oparathyroid[7pArE5WairCid]adj.甲状旁腺
oregulate[5re^juleit]v.控制
ocalcium[5kAlsiEm]n.钙
ophosphorus[5fasfErEs]n.磷
109
TheReproductiveSystem
Reproductionisaccomplishedbytheunionofmalespermandthefemaleovum.Incoitus,themaleorganejaculatesmorethan250millionspermintothevagina,fromwhichsomemaketheirwaytotheuterus.Ovulation,thereleaseofaneggintotheuterus,occursapproximatelyevery28days;duringthesameperiodtheuterusispreparedfortheimplantationofafertilizedovumbytheactionofestrogens.Ifamalecellfailstounitewithafemalecell,otherhormonescausetheuterinewalltosloughoffduringmenstruation.Frompubertytomenopause,theprocessofovulation,andpreparation,andmenstruationisrepeatedmonthlyexceptforperiodsofpregnancy.
oreproduction[7ri:
prE5dQkFEn]n.生殖,繁殖
oaccomplish[E5kCmpliF]v.完成
osperm[spE:
m]n.精子
oovum[5EuvEm]n.卵子
ocoitus[5kEuitEs]n.性交
oejaculate[i5dVAkjuleit]v.射精
ovagina[vE5dVainE]n.阴道
outerus[5ju:
tErEs]n.子宫
oovulation[7Cvju5leiFEn]n