自考英美文学选读00604复习摘要.docx
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自考英美文学选读00604复习摘要
英美文学复习摘要
英国文学
Introduction
Naturalism
Sentimentalism
Symbolism
Romanticism
Realism
Pessimism
Modernism
TermDefinitionnew
Stylenew
美国文学
Introduction
Summarynew
Information
《英美文学选读》自学资料(英国文学部分)
Contents
∙Introduction
∙TheOldEnglishperiod
oPoetry
▪Alliterativeverse
▪Themajormanuscripts
▪Problemsofdating
▪Religiousverse
▪Elegiacandheroicverse
oProse
▪EarlytranslationsintoEnglish
▪Late10th-and11th-centuryprose
∙TheEarlyMiddleEnglishperiod
oPoetry
▪InfluenceofFrenchpoetry
▪Didacticpoetry
▪Verseromance
▪Thelyric
oProse
∙ThelaterMiddleEnglishandearlyRenaissanceperiods
oLaterMiddleEnglishpoetry
▪Therevivalofalliterativepoetry
▪Courtlypoetry
▪ChaucerandGower
▪PoetryafterChaucerandGower
▪Courtlypoetry
▪Popularandsecularverse
▪Politicalverse
oLaterMiddleEnglishprose
▪Religiousprose
▪Secularprose
oMiddleEnglishdrama
oThetransitionfrommedievaltoRenaissance
∙TheRenaissanceperiod:
1550–1660
oLiteratureandtheage
▪Socialconditions
▪Intellectualandreligiousrevolution
▪Theraceforculturaldevelopment
oElizabethanpoetryandprose
▪DevelopmentoftheEnglishlanguage
▪SidneyandSpenser
▪Elizabethanlyric
▪Thesonnetsequence
▪Otherpoeticstyles
▪Prosestyles
oElizabethanandearlyStuartdrama
▪Theatreandsociety
▪TheatresinLondonandtheprovinces
▪Professionalplaywrights
▪ChristopherMarlowe
▪Shakespeare'sworks
▪Theearlyhistories
▪Theearlycomedies
▪Thetragedies
▪Shakespeare'slaterworks
▪PlaywrightsafterShakespeare
▪BenJonson
▪MarstonandMiddleton
▪EarlyStuartdrama
oEarlyStuartpoetryandprose
▪TheMetaphysicalpoets
▪Donne
▪Donne'sinfluence
▪JonsonandtheCavalierpoets
▪ContinuedinfluenceofSpenser
▪EffectofreligionandscienceonearlyStuartprose
▪Prosestyles
▪Milton'sviewofthepoet'srole
∙TheRestoration
oLiteraryreactionstothepoliticalclimate
▪Thedefeatedrepublicans
▪WritingsoftheNonconformists
▪WritingsoftheRoyalists
oMajorgenresandmajorauthorsoftheperiod
▪Chroniclers
▪Diarists
▪Thecourtwits
▪Dryden
▪DramabyDrydenandothers
▪Locke
∙The18thcentury
oPublicationofpoliticalliterature
▪Politicaljournalism
▪Majorpoliticalwriters
▪Pope
▪Thomson,Prior,andGay
▪Swift
▪Shaftesburyandothers
oThenovel
▪Themajornovelists
▪Defoe
▪Richardson
▪Fielding
▪Smollett
▪Sterne
▪Minornovelists
oPoetsandpoetryafterPope
▪Burns
▪Goldsmith
▪Johnson'spoetryandprose
∙TheRomanticperiod
oThenatureofRomanticism
oPoetry
▪Blake,Wordsworth,andColeridge
▪OtherpoetsoftheearlyRomanticperiod
▪ThelaterRomantics:
Shelley,Keats,andByron
▪Minorpoetsofthelaterperiod
oThenovel:
Austen,Scott,andothers
oMiscellaneousprose
oDrama
∙ThePost-RomanticandVictorianeras
oEarlyVictorianliterature:
theageofthenovel
▪Dickens
▪Thackeray,Gaskell,andothers
▪TheBrontës
oEarlyVictorianverse
▪Tennyson
▪RobertBrowningandElizabethBarrettBrowning
▪ArnoldandClough
oEarlyVictoriannonfictionalprose
oLateVictorianliterature
▪Thenovel
▪Verse
oTheVictoriantheatre
oVictorianliterarycomedy
∙“Modern”Englishliterature:
the20thcentury
oFrom1900to1945
▪TheEdwardians
▪Themodernistrevolution
▪Anglo-Americanmodernism:
Pound,Lewis,Lawrence,andEliot
▪Celticmodernism:
Yeats,Joyce,Jones,andMacDiarmid
▪TheliteratureofWorldWarIandtheinterwarperiod
▪The1930s
▪TheliteratureofWorldWarII(1939–45)
oLiteratureafter1945
▪Fiction
▪Poetry
▪Drama
∙Additionalreading
oGeneralworks
oTheOldEnglishandearlyMiddleEnglishperiods
oThelaterMiddleEnglishandearlyRenaissanceperiods
oTheRenaissanceperiod,1550–1660
▪Elizabethanpoetryandprose
▪ElizabethanandearlyStuartdrama
▪EarlyStuartpoetryandprose
oTheRestorationandthe18thcentury
oTheRomanticperiod
oThePost-RomanticandVictorianeras
o“Modern”Englishliterature:
the20thcentury
▪From1900to1945
▪Literatureafter1945
Naturalism
Naturalismisatermofliteraryhistory,primarilyaFrenchmovementinprosefictionandthedramaduringthefinalthirdofthe19th-cent.althoughitisalsoappliedtosimilarmovementsorgroupsofwritersinothercountriesinthelaterdecadesofthe19thandearlyyearsofthe20thcents.InFranceEmileZola(1840-1902)wasthedominantpractitionerofNaturalisminprosefictionandthechiefexponentofitsdoctrines.
TheemergenceofNaturalismdoesnotmarkaradicalbreakwithRealism,ratherthenewstyleisalogicalextensionofit.Broadlyspeaking,Naturalismischaracterizedbyarefusaltoidealizeexperienceandbythepersuasionthathumanlifeisstrictlysubjectedtonaturallaws.TheNaturalistssharedwiththeearlierRealiststheconvictionthattheeverydaylifeofthemiddleandlowerclassesoftheirowndayprovidedsubjectsworthyofseriousliterarytreatment.Emphasiswaslaidontheinfluenceofthematerialandeconomicenvironmentonbehaviour,especiallyinZola,onthedeterminingeffectsofphysicalandhereditaryfactorsinformingtheindividualtemperament
Sentimentalism
I.ThenatureofSentimentalism
v SentimentalismisoneoftheimportanttrendsinEnglishliteratureofthemiddleandlaterdecadesofthe18thcentury.
v Alongwithanewvisionoflove,sentimentalismpresentedanewviewofhumannaturewhichprizedfeelingoverthinking,passionoverreason,andpersonalinstinctsof"pity,tenderness,andbenevolence"oversocialduties.
v Literaryworkofthesentimentalism,markedbyasinceresympathyforthepoverty-stricken,expropriatedpeasants,wrotethe"simpleannalsofthepoor”.
v Writersofsentimentalismjustlycriticizedthecrueltyofthecapitalistrelationsandthegrosssocialinjusticesbroughtaboutbythebourgeoisrevolutions.
v Buttheyattackedtheprogressiveaspectofthisgreatsocialchangeinordertoeliminateitandsighedforthereturnofthepatriarchaltimeswhichtheyidealized.
v SentimentalismembracesapessimisticoutlookandblamesreasonandtheIndustrialRevolutionforthemiseriesandinjusticesinthearistocratic-bourgeoissocietyand indulgesinsentiment,hencethedefinitesignsofdecadenceintheliteraryworksofthesentimentaltradition.
II.SocialbackgroundofSentimentalism
v ThebourgeoisiegainingtheirascendancyinnationalpoliticsinEnglandafterthetworevolutionsof1640and1688.
v ThehandicraftslabourgraduallytransformedtomachineindustryinthecourseoftheIndustrialRevolutioninthemiddleandlaterdecadesofthe18thcentury
v Thenewcapitalistrelationswereestablished.
v Sharpsocialcontradictionsbegantotakeshapeandtothreatentheshort-livedsocialstabilityintheearlydecadesofthe18thcentury.
v Thecontinuous,large-scaleenclosuresoflandresultedinruralbankruptcy.
v Thepovertyandmiseryoftheexploitedandunemployedlabouringmassesinthecitiesincreased.
v TheEnlightenmentwhichbelievedineducatingthepeopletobekindandrighteousandupheldreasonasthecure-allforallsocialwrongsandmiseriesdeclined.
v Allthisledtoskepticismanddisbeliefinthemythaboutthebourgeoissocietyasthebestofallpossibleworlds
v Lackofabetterormoresoundsubstituteforreasonastheinstrumenttoreformthenone-too-satisfactoryorevenhighlyunsatisfactorysociety,sentimentorevenanover-doseofsentimentwasindulgedinatleastasasortofreliefifnotasasalvoforthegrievesandheart-achesfelttowardtheworld'swrongs
v Hencesentimentalisminliterature.
III.LiteraryFormsinSentimentalism
v InEnglishpoetryofthe18thcentury,sentimentalismfirstfounditsfullexpressioninthefortiesandthefifties;Inthelaterdecadesofthecentury,strainsofsentimentalismmaystillbefoundinanumberofthepoemsofWilliamCowper.
v InEnglishdramaofthecentury,thetruefounderofsentimentalcomedyhasoftenbeentracedbacktoRichardSteelewhosecomedies"TheLyingLover"(1703)and"TheConsciousLovers"containedelementsofsentimentalismasasortofreactiontotheimmoralcomediesofmannersoftheRestorationperiod.
v inthefieldofprosefictionthatsentimentalismhaditsmostoutstandingexpression,OliverGoldsmith's"TheVicarofWakefield"maybeconsideredasrepresentativeworksofthiscategory.
v OliverGoldsmith’spoetryandprosefictionwasquiteanexponentofsentimentalism.
v LaurenceSternewasthemostprominentandthemosttypicalofthesentimentaltraditionamongallEnglishnovelistsandamongallEnglishwritersofthe18thcentury
SymbolisminLiterature
byKarenBernardo
Justascharacterizationanddialogueandplotworkonthesurfacetomovethestoryalong,symbolismworksunderthesurfacetotiethestory'sexternalactiontothetheme.Earlyinthedevelopmentofthefictionalnarrative,symbolismwasoftenproducedthroughallegory,givingtheliteraleventanditsallegoricalcounterpartaone-to-onecorrespondence.
InJohnBunyan'sPilgrim'sProgress,forexample,everythingandeveryonestandsforsomethingelse.TheprotagonistChristian,tonoone'ssurprise,standsforeveryChristianreader;hisgoal,theCelestialCity,standsforHeaven;theplacesthroughwhichhepassesonhisway--LucreHill,VanityFair,andthelike--standforthetempt