自考英美文学选读00604复习摘要.docx

1、自考英美文学选读00604复习摘要英美文学复习摘要英国文学IntroductionNaturalismSentimentalismSymbolismRomanticismRealismPessimismModernismTerm Definition newStyle new美国文学IntroductionSummary newInformation英美文学选读自学资料（英国文学部分）Contents Introduction The Old English period o Poetry Alliterative verse The major manuscripts Problems of

2、 dating Religious verse Elegiac and heroic verse o Prose Early translations into English Late 10th- and 11th-century prose The Early Middle English period o Poetry Influence of French poetry Didactic poetry Verse romance The lyric o Prose The later Middle English and early Renaissance periods o Late

3、r Middle English poetry The revival of alliterative poetry Courtly poetry Chaucer and Gower Poetry after Chaucer and Gower Courtly poetry Popular and secular verse Political verse o Later Middle English prose Religious prose Secular prose o Middle English drama o The transition from medieval to Rena

4、issance The Renaissance period: 15501660 o Literature and the age Social conditions Intellectual and religious revolution The race for cultural development o Elizabethan poetry and prose Development of the English language Sidney and Spenser Elizabethan lyric The sonnet sequence Other poetic styles

5、Prose styles o Elizabethan and early Stuart drama Theatre and society Theatres in London and the provinces Professional playwrights Christopher Marlowe Shakespeares works The early histories The early comedies The tragedies Shakespeares later works Playwrights after Shakespeare Ben Jonson Marston an

6、d Middleton Early Stuart drama o Early Stuart poetry and prose The Metaphysical poets Donne Donnes influence Jonson and the Cavalier poets Continued influence of Spenser Effect of religion and science on early Stuart prose Prose styles Miltons view of the poets role The Restoration o Literary reacti

7、ons to the political climate The defeated republicans Writings of the Nonconformists Writings of the Royalists o Major genres and major authors of the period Chroniclers Diarists The court wits Dryden Drama by Dryden and others Locke The 18th century o Publication of political literature Political j

8、ournalism Major political writers Pope Thomson, Prior, and Gay Swift Shaftesbury and others o The novel The major novelists Defoe Richardson Fielding Smollett Sterne Minor novelists o Poets and poetry after Pope Burns Goldsmith Johnsons poetry and prose The Romantic period o The nature of Romanticis

9、m o Poetry Blake, Wordsworth, and Coleridge Other poets of the early Romantic period The later Romantics: Shelley, Keats, and Byron Minor poets of the later period o The novel: Austen, Scott, and others o Miscellaneous prose o Drama The Post-Romantic and Victorian eras o Early Victorian literature:

10、the age of the novel Dickens Thackeray, Gaskell, and others The Bronts o Early Victorian verse Tennyson Robert Browning and Elizabeth Barrett Browning Arnold and Clough o Early Victorian nonfictional prose o Late Victorian literature The novel Verse o The Victorian theatre o Victorian literary comed

11、y “Modern” English literature: the 20th century o From 1900 to 1945 The Edwardians The modernist revolution Anglo-American modernism: Pound, Lewis, Lawrence, and Eliot Celtic modernism: Yeats, Joyce, Jones, and MacDiarmid The literature of World War I and the interwar period The 1930s The literature

12、 of World War II (193945) o Literature after 1945 Fiction Poetry Drama Additional reading o General works o The Old English and early Middle English periods o The later Middle English and early Renaissance periods o The Renaissance period, 15501660 Elizabethan poetry and prose Elizabethan and early

13、Stuart drama Early Stuart poetry and prose o The Restoration and the 18th century o The Romantic period o The Post-Romantic and Victorian eras o “Modern” English literature: the 20th century From 1900 to 1945 Literature after 1945 Naturalism Naturalism is a term of literary history, primarily a Fren

14、ch movement in prose fiction and the drama during the final third of the 19th-cent. although it is also applied to similar movements or groups of writers in other countries in the later decades of the 19th and early years of the 20th cents. In France Emile Zola (1840-1902) was the dominant practitio

15、ner of Naturalism in prose fiction and the chief exponent of its doctrines. The emergence of Naturalism does not mark a radical break with Realism, rather the new style is a logical extension of it. Broadly speaking, Naturalism is characterized by a refusal to idealize experience and by the persuasi

16、on that human life is strictly subjected to natural laws. The Naturalists shared with the earlier Realists the conviction that the everyday life of the middle and lower classes of their own day provided subjects worthy of serious literary treatment. Emphasis was laid on the influence of the material

17、 and economic environment on behaviour, especially in Zola, on the determining effects of physical and hereditary factors in forming the individual temperamentSentimentalismI. The nature of Sentimentalismv Sentimentalism is one of the important trends in English literature of the middle and later de

18、cades of the 18th century.v Along with a new vision of love, sentimentalism presented a new view of human nature which prized feeling over thinking, passion over reason, and personal instincts of pity, tenderness, and benevolence over social duties. v Literary work of the sentimentalism, marked by a

19、 sincere sympathy for the poverty-stricken, expropriated peasants, wrote the simple annals of the poor”.v Writers of sentimentalism justly criticized the cruelty of the capitalist relations and the gross social injustices brought about by the bourgeois revolutions.v But they attacked the progressive

20、 aspect of this great social change in order to eliminate it and sighed for the return of the patriarchal times which they idealized.v Sentimentalism embraces a pessimistic outlook and blames reason and the Industrial Revolution for the miseries and injustices in the aristocratic-bourgeois society a

21、nd indulges in sentiment, hence the definite signs of decadence in the literary works of the sentimental tradition. II. Social background of Sentimentalism v The bourgeoisie gaining their ascendancy in national politics in England after the two revolutions of 1640 and 1688. v The handicrafts labour

22、gradually transformed to machine industry in the course of the Industrial Revolution in the middle and later decades of the 18th century v The new capitalist relations were established.v Sharp social contradictions began to take shape and to threaten the short-lived social stability in the early dec

23、ades of the 18th century. v The continuous, large-scale enclosures of land resulted in rural bankruptcy. v The poverty and misery of the exploited and unemployed labouring masses in the cities increased. v The Enlightenment which believed in educating the people to be kind and righteous and upheld r

24、eason as the cure-all for all social wrongs and miseries declined.v All this led to skepticism and disbelief in the myth about the bourgeois society as the best of all possible worlds v Lack of a better or more sound substitute for reason as the instrument to reform the none-too-satisfactory or even

25、 highly unsatisfactory society, sentiment or even an over-dose of sentiment was indulged in at least as a sort of relief if not as a salvo for the grieves and heart-aches felt toward the worlds wrongs v Hence sentimentalism in literature. III. Literary Forms in Sentimentalismv In English poetry of t

26、he 18th century, sentimentalism first found its full expression in the forties and the fifties; In the later decades of the century, strains of sentimentalism may still be found in a number of the poems of William Cowper. v In English drama of the century, the true founder of sentimental comedy has

27、often been traced back to Richard Steele whose comedies The Lying Lover (1703) and The Conscious Lovers contained elements of sentimentalism as a sort of reaction to the immoral comedies of manners of the Restoration period. v in the field of prose fiction that sentimentalism had its most outstandin

28、g expression, Oliver Goldsmiths The Vicar of Wakefield may be considered as representative works of this category.v Oliver Goldsmiths poetry and prose fiction was quite an exponent of sentimentalism. v Laurence Sterne was the most prominent and the most typical of the sentimental tradition among all

29、 English novelists and among all English writers of the 18th centurySymbolism in Literatureby Karen BernardoJust as characterization and dialogue and plot work on the surface to move the story along, symbolism works under the surface to tie the storys external action to the theme. Early in the devel

30、opment of the fictional narrative, symbolism was often produced through allegory, giving the literal event and its allegorical counterpart a one-to-one correspondence.In John Bunyans Pilgrims Progress, for example, everything and everyone stands for something else. The protagonist Christian, to no ones surprise, stands for every Christian reader; his goal, the Celestial City, stands for Heaven; the places through which he passes on his way - Lucre Hill, Vanity Fair, and the like - stand for the tempt