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考研英语一真题及解析1
2012年全国硕士研究生入学一致考试英语
（一）
2012年全国硕士研究生入学一致考试英语
（一）
TheethicaljudgmentsoftheSupremeCourtjusticeshavebecomeanimportantissuerecently.Thecourtcannot_1_itslegitimacyasguardianoftheruleoflaw_2_justicesbehavelikepoliticians.Yet,inseveralinstances,justicesactedinwaysthat_3_thecourt’sreputationforbeingindependentand
impartial.
JusticeAntoninScalia,forexample,appearedatpoliticalevents.Thatkindof
activitymakesitlesslikelythatthecourt’4sasdecisionsimpartialwillbe
judgments.Partoftheproblemisthatthejusticesarenot_5_byanethicscode.Attheveryleast,thecourtshouldmakeitself_6_tothecodeofconductthat_7_totherestofthefederaljudiciary.
Thisandothersimilarcases_8_thequestionofwhetherthereisstilla
_9_betweenthecourtandpolitics.
TheframersoftheConstitutionenvisionedlaw_10_havingauthorityapartfrompolitics.Theygavejusticespermanentpositions_11_theywouldbefreeto_12_thoseinpowerandhavenoneedto_13_politicalsupport.Ourlegalsystemwasdesignedtosetlawapartfrompoliticspreciselybecausetheyaresoclosely_14_.
Constitutionallawispoliticalbecauseitresultsfromchoicesrootedinfundamentalsocial_15_likelibertyandproperty.Whenthecourtdealswithsocialpolicydecisions,thelawit_16_isinescapablypolitical-whichiswhydecisionssplitalongideologicallinesaresoeasily_17_asunjust.
Thejusticesmust_18_doubtsaboutthecourt’slegitimacybymaking
themselves_19_tothecodeofconduct.Thatwouldmakerulingsmorelikelytobeseenasseparatefrompoliticsand,_20_,convincingaslaw.
1.
[A]emphasize
[B]maintain
[C]modify
[D]recognize
2.
[A]when
[B]lest
[C]before
[D]unless
3.
[A]restored
[B]weakened
[C]established
[D]eliminated
4.[A]challenged
[B]compromised
[C]suspected
[D]accepted
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2012年全国硕士研究生入学一致考试英语
（一）
5.
[A]advanced
[B]caught
[C]bound
[D]founded
6.[A]resistant
[B]subject
[C]immune
[D]prone
7.
[A]resorts
[B]sticks
[C]loads
[D]applies
8.
[A]evade
[B]raise
[C]deny
[D]settle
9.
[A]line
[B]barrier
[C]similarity
[D]conflict
10.
[A]by
[B]as
[C]though
[D]towards
11.
[A]so
[B]since
[C]provided
[D]though
12.
[A]serve
[B]satisfy
[C]upset
[D]replace
13.
[A]confirm
[B]express
[C]cultivate
[D]offer
14.
[A]guarded
[B]followed
[C]studied
[D]tied
15.
[A]concepts
[B]theories
[C]divisions
[D]conceptions
16.[A]excludes
[B]questions
[C]shapes
[D]controls
17.
[A]dismissed
[B]released
[C]ranked
[D]distorted
18.
[A]suppress
[B]exploit
[C]address
[D]ignore
19.[A]accessible
[B]amiable
[C]agreeable
[D]accountable
20.[A]byallmesns
[B]atallcosts
[C]inaword
[D]asaresult
Comeon–Everybody’doingsit.Thatwhisperedmessage,halfinvitationandhalf
forcing,iswhatmostofusthinkofwhenwehearthewordspeerpressure.Itusuallyleadsto
nogood-drinking,drugsandcasualsex.ButinhernewbookJointheClub,TinaRosenberg
contendsthatpeerpressurecanalsobeapositiveforcethroughwhatshecallsthesocial
cure,inwhichorganizationsandofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamicstohelp
individualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblytheword.
Rosenberg,therecipientofaPulitzerPrize,offersahostofexampleofthesocialcurein
action:
InSouthCarolina,astate-sponsoredantismokingprogramcalledRageAgainstthe
Hazesetsouttomakecigarettesuncool.InSouthAfrica,anHIV-preventioninitiativeknownasLoveLiferecruitsyoungpeopletopromotesafesexamongtheirpeers.
Theideaseemspromising，andRosenbergisaperceptiveobserver.Hercritiqueofthelamenessofmanypubic-healthcampaignsisspot-on:
theyfailtomobilizepeerpressureforhealthyhabits,andtheydemonstrateaseriously
flawedunderstandingofpsychology.”Daretobedifferent,pleasedon’tsmoke!
pleadsonebillboardcampaignaimedatreducingsmokingamongteenagers-teenagers,whodesirenothingmorethanfittingin.Rosenbergargues
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2012年全国硕士研究生入学一致考试英语
（一）
convincinglythatpublic-healthadvocatesoughttotakeapagefromadvertisers,soskilledatapplyingpeerpressure.
Butonthegeneraleffectivenessofthesocialcure,Rosenbergislesspersuasive.JointheClubisfilledwithtoomuchirrelevantdetailandnotenoughexplorationofthesocialandbiologicalfactorsthatmakepeerpressureso
powerful.Themostglaringflawofthesocialcureasit’spresentedhereisdoesn’tworkverywellforverylong.RageAgainsttheHazefailedoncestate
fundingwascut.EvidencethattheLoveLifeprogramproduceslastingchangesislimitedandmixed.
There’snodoubtthatourpeergroupsexertenormousinfluenceonourbehavior.Anemergingbodyofresearchshowsthatpositivehealthhabits-aswellasnegativeones-spreadthroughnetworksoffriendsviasocialcommunication.Thisisasubtleformofpeerpressure:
weunconsciouslyimitatethebehaviorweseeeveryday.
Farlesscertain,however,ishowsuccessfullyexpertsandbureaucratscanselectourpeer
groupsandsteertheiractivitiesinvirtuousdirections.Itetheteacherwhobreaks’likup
thetroublemakersinthebackrowbypairingthemwithbetter-behavedclassmates.The
tacticneverreallyworks.Andthat’stheproblemwithasocialcureengineeredfromthe
outside:
intherealworld,asinschool,weinsistonchoosingourownfriends.
21.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,peerpressureoftenemergesas[A]asupplementtothesocialcure
[B]astimulustogroupdynamics[C]anobstacletoschoolprogress
[D]acauseofundesirablebehaviors
22.Rosenbergholdsthatpublicadvocatesshould
[A]recruitprofessionaladvertisers
[B]learnfromadvertisers’experience
[C]stayawayfromcommercialadvertisers
[D]recognizethelimitationsofadvertisements
23.Intheauthor’sview,Rosenberg’sbookfailsto
[A]adequatelyprobesocialandbiologicalfactors
[B]effectivelyevadetheflawsofthesocialcure
[C]illustratethefunctionsofstatefunding[D]producealong-lastingsocialeffect
24.Paragraph5showsthatourimitationofbehaviors[A]isharmfultoournetworksoffriends
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2012年全国硕士研究生入学一致考试英语
（一）
[B]willmisleadbehavioralstudies
[C]occurswithoutourrealizingit
[D]canproducenegativehealthhabits
25.Theauthorsuggestsinthelastparagraphthattheeffectofpeerpressureis[A]harmful[B]desirable[C]profound[D]questionable
Adealisadeal-except,apparently,whenEntergy
isinvolved.
The
company,amajor
energysupplierinNewEngland,provokedjustifiedoutrageinVermontlastweekwhenit
announced
it
was
renegingon
alongstanding
commitment
toabidebythe
strict
nuclear
regulations.
Instead,
the
company
has
done
precisely
what
it
had
long
promised
itwould
not
challengetheconstitutionalityofVermont
’srulesinthefederalcourt,aspartofadesperate
efforttokeepitsVermontYankeenuclear
powerplantrunning.It
’sastunningmove.
Theconflict
hasbeensurfacing
since2002,
when
the
corporation
boughtVermont’s
only
nuclear
power
plant,
an
agingreactor
in
Vernon.
As
acondition
of
receiving
state
approval
for
the
sale,the
company
agreed
to
seek
permission
from
state
regulators
to
operatepast2012.In2006,thestatewentastepfurther,requiringthatanyextensionofthe
plant
’licensebesubject
toVermont
legislature
approval’s.Then,
too,
the
company
went
along.
EitherEntergynever
reallyintendedtolivebythosecommitments,oritsimplydidn
foresee
what
would
happennext.Astring
ofaccidents,
includingthepartial
collapse
ofa
cooling
tower
in207and
the
discovery
of
anunderground
pipe
system
leakage,
raised
serious
questions
about
both
Vermont
Yankee’safety
and
Entergy
’managements–
especiallyafterthecompanymademisleading
statements
about
the
pipe.Enraged
by
Entergy’behavior,stheVermont
Senate
voted
26
to
4
last
yearagainst
allowing
an
extension.
Nowthecompanyissuddenlyclaimingthatthe2002agreementisinvalidbecauseof
the2006
legislation,
and
that
only
thefederal
government
has
regulatory
power
over
nuclear
issues.The
legal
issues
in
thecaseare
obscure:
whereastheSupremeCourthas
ruledthatstatesdohavesomeregulatoryauthorityovernuclearpower,legalscholarssay
that
Vermont
casewill
offer
aprecedent-setting
test
ofhow
far
those
powers
extend.
Certainly,therearevalidconcernsaboutthepatchworkregulationsthatcouldresultifevery
state
setsits
own
rules.ButhadEntergy
kept
itsword,
thatdebatewould
bebeside
the
point.
ThecompanyseemstohaveconcludedthatitsreputationinVermontisalreadysodamagedthatithasnotinglefttolosebygoingtowarwiththestate.Butthereshouldbeconsequences.Permissiontorunanuclearplantisapoblic
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2012年全国硕士研究生入学一致考试英语
（一）
trust.Entergyruns11otherreactorsintheUnitedStates,includingPilgrimNuclearstationinPlymouth.PledgingtorunPilgrimsafely,thecompanyhasappliedforfederalpermissiontokeepitopenforanother20years.Butasthe
NuclearRegulatoryCommission（NRC）reviewsthecompany’sapplication,itshouldkeepitmindwhatpromisesfromEntergyareworth.
26.Thephrase“re
升级会员 