计算机网络外文文献外文翻译英文文献新技术的计算机网络.docx
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计算机网络外文文献外文翻译英文文献新技术的计算机网络
Newtechniqueofthecomputernetwork
Abstract
The21centuryisanagesoftheinformationeconomy,beingthecomputernetworktechniqueofrepresentativetechniquesthisages,willbeatveryfastspeeddevelopsoonincontinuouslycreatively,andwillgodeepintothepeople'swork,lifeandstudy.Therefore,controlthistechniqueandthenseemtobemoretodelivertheimportance.NowImainlyintroducethenewtechniqueofafewnetworksinactualityliveofapplication.
keywords
Internet NetworkSystemDigitalCertificates GridStorage
1.Foreword
Internetturns36,stillaworkinprogress
Thirty-sixyearsaftercomputerscientistsatUCLAlinkedtwobulkycomputersusinga15-footgraycable,testinganewwayforexchangingdataovernetworks,whatwouldultimatelybecometheInternetremainsaworkinprogress.
Universityresearchersareexperimentingwithwaystoincreaseitscapacityandspeed.ProgrammersaretryingtoimbueWebpageswithintelligence.Andworkisunderwaytore-engineerthenetworktoreduceSpam(junkmail)andsecuritytroubles.
Allthewhilethreatsloom:
Criticswarnthatcommercial,legalandpoliticalpressurescouldhinderthetypesofinnovationsthatmadetheInternetwhatitistoday.
StephenCrockerandVintonCerfwereamongthegraduatestudentswhojoinedUCLAprofessorLenKleinrockinanengineeringlabonSept.2,1969,asbitsofmeaninglesstestdataflowedsilentlybetweenthetwocomputers.ByJanuary,threeother"nodes"joinedthefledglingnetwork.
Thencamee-mailafewyearslater,acorecommunicationsprotocolcalledTCP/IPinthelate70s,thedomainnamesysteminthe80sandtheWorldWideWeb-nowthesecondmostpopularapplicationbehinde-mail-in1990.TheInternetexpandedbeyonditsinitialmilitaryandeducationaldomainintobusinessesandhomesaroundtheworld.
Today,CrockercontinuesworkontheInternet,designingbettertoolsforcollaboration.AndassecuritychairmanfortheInternet'skeyoversightbody,heistryingtodefendthecoreaddressingsystemfromoutsidethreats.
HeacknowledgestheInternethehelpedbuildisfarfromfinished,andchangesareinstoretomeetgrowingdemandsformultimedia.Networkprovidersnowmakeonly"bestefforts"atdeliveringdatapackets,andCrockersaidbetterguaranteesareneededtopreventtheskipsandstuttersnowcommonwithvideo.
Cerf,nowatMCIInc.,saidhewishedhecouldhavedesignedtheInternetwithsecuritybuilt-in.MicrosoftCorp.YahooInc.andAmericaOnlineInc.,amongothers,arecurrentlytryingtoretrofitthenetworksoe-mailsenderscanbeauthenticated-awaytocutdownonjunkmessagessentusingspoofedaddresses.
Manyfeaturesbeingdevelopedtodaywouldn'thavebeenpossibleatbirthgiventheslowercomputingspeedsandnarrowerInternetpipes,orbandwidth,Cerfsaid.
2.DigitalCertificates
DigitalcertificatesaredatafilesusedtoestablishtheidentityofpeopleandelectronicassetsontheInternet.Theyallowforsecure,encryptedonlinecommunicationandareoftenusedtoprotectonlinetransactions.
Digitalcertificatesareissuedbyatrustedthirdpartyknownasacertificationauthority(CA).TheCAvalidatestheidentityofacertificateholderand“signs”thecertificatetoattestthatithasn’tbeenforgedoralteredinanyway.
NewUsesForDigitalCertificates
Digitalcertificatesarenowbeingusedtoprovidesecurityandvalidationforwirelessconnections,andhardwaremanufacturersareoneofthelatestgroupstousethem.Notlongago,VersionInc.announceditsCableModemAuthenticationServices,whichallowhardwaremanufacturerstoembeddigitalcertificatesintocablemodemstohelppreventthepiratingofbroadbandservicesthroughdevicecloning.
UsingVersionsoftware,hardwaremakerscangeneratecryptographickeysandcorrespondingdigitalcertificatesthosemanufacturersorcableserviceproviderscanusetoautomaticallyidentifyindividualmodems.
This‘ast-mile’authenticationnotonlyprotectsthevalueofexistingcontentandservicesbutalsopositionscablesystemoperatorstobringabroadnewrangeofcontent,applicationsandvalue-addedservicestomarket.
WhenaCAdigitallysignsacertificate,itsownercanuseitasanelectronicpassporttoprovehisidentity.ItcanbepresentedtoWebsites,networksorindividualsthatrequiresecureaccess.
Identifyinginformationembeddedinthecertificateincludestheholder’snameande-mailaddress,thenameoftheCA,aserialnumberandanyactivationorexpirationdataforthecertificate.WhentheCAverifiesauser’sidentity,thecertificateusestheholder’spublicencryptionkeytoprotectthisdata.
CertificatesthataWebserverusestoconfirmtheauthenticityofaWebsiteforauser’sbrowseralsoemploypublickeys.WhenauserwantstosendconfidentialinformationtoaWebserver,suchasacredit-cardnumberforanonlinetransaction,thebrowserwillaccessthepublickeyintheserver’sdigitalcertificatetoverifyitsidentity.
RoleofPublic-KeyCryptography
Thepublickeyisonehalfofapairofkeysusedinpublic-keycryptography,whichprovidesthefoundationfordigitalcertificates.
Public-keycryptographyusesmatchedpublicandprivatekeysforencryptionanddecryption.Thesekeyshaveanumericalvaluethat’susedbyanalgorithmtoscrambleinformationandmakeitreadableonlytouserswiththecorrespondingdecryptionkey.
Otherstoencryptinformationmeantonlyforthatpersonuseaperson’spublickey.Whenhereceivestheinformation,heuseshiscorrespondingprivatekey,whichiskeptsecret,todecryptthedata.Aperson'spublickeycanbedistributedwithoutdamagingtheprivatekey.AWebserverusingadigitalcertificatecanuseitsprivatekeytomakesurethatonlyitcandecryptconfidentialinformationsenttoitovertheInternet.
TheWebserver’scertificateisvalidatedbyaself-signedCAcertificatethatidentifiestheissuingCA.CAcertificatesarepreinstalledonmostmajorWebbrowsers,includingMicrosoftInternetExplorerandNetscapeNavigator.
TheCAcertificatetellsuserswhethertheycantrusttheWebservercertificatewhenit’spresentedtothebrowser.IfthevalidityoftheWebservercertificateisaffirmed,thecertificate’spublickeyisusedtosecureinformationfortheserverusingSecureSocketsLayer(SSL)technology.
DigitalcertificatesareusedbytheSSLsecurityprotocoltocreateasecure“pipe”betweentwopartiesthatseekconfidentialcommunication.SSLisusedinmostmajorWebbrowsersandcommercialWebservers.
3.DigitalWallets
----AdigitalwalletissoftwarethatenablesuserstopayforgoodsontheWeb.Itholdscredit-cardnumbersandotherpersonalinformationsuchasashippingaddress.Onceentered,thedataautomaticallypopulatesorderfieldsatmerchantsites.
----Whenusingadigitalwallet,consumersdon’tneedtofilloutorderformsoneachsitewhentheypurchaseanitembecausetheinformationhasalreadybeenstoredandisautomaticallyupdatedandenteredintotheorderfieldsacrossmerchantsites.Consumersalsobenefitwhenusingdigitalwalletsbecausetheirinformationisencryptedorprotectedbyaprivatesoftwarecode.Andmerchantsbenefitbyreceivingprotectionagainstfraud.
----Digitalwalletsareavailabletoconsumersfreeofcharge,andthey’refairlyeasytoobtain.Forexample,whenaconsumermakesapurchaseatamerchantsitethat’ssetuptohandleserver-sidedigitalwallets,hetypeshisnameandpaymentandshippinginformationintothemerchant’sownform.Attheendofthepurchase,oneconsumerisaskedtosignupforawalletofhischoicebyenteringausernameandpasswordforfuturepurchases.Userscanalsoacquirewalletsatawalletvendor’ssite.
----Althoughawalletisfreeforconsumers,vendorschargemerchantsforwallets.
----Digitalwalletscomeintwomaintypes:
client-sideandserver-side.Withinthosedivisionsarewalletsthatworkonlyonspecificmerchantsitesandthosethataremerchantagnostic.
----Client-baseddigitalwallets,theolderofthetwotypes,arefallingbythewayside,accordingtoanalysts,becausetheyrequireuserstodownloadandinstallsoftware.Auserdownloadsthewalletapplicationandinputspaymentandmailinginformation.Atthatpoint,theinformationissecuredandencryptedontheuser’sharddrive.Theuserretainscontrolofhiscreditcardandpersonalinformationlocally.
----Withaserver-basedwallet,auserfillsouthispersonalinformation,andacookieisautomaticallydownloaded.(Acookieisatextfilethatcontainsinformationabouttheuser.)Inthisscenario,theconsumerinformationresidesontheserverofafinancialinstitutionoradigitalwalletvendorratherthanontheuser’sPC.
----Server-sidewalletsprovideassuranceagainstmerchantfraudbecausetheyusecertificatestoverifytheidentityofallparties.Whenapartymakesatransaction,itpresentsitscertificatetotheotherpartiesinvolved.Acertificateisanattachmenttoanelectronicmessageusedtoverifytheidentityofthepartyandtoprovidethereceiverwiththemeanstoencodeareply.
----Furthermore,thecardholder’ssensitivedataistypicallyhousedatafinancialinstitution,sothere’sanextrasenseofsecuritybecausefinancialenvironmentsgenerallyprovidethehighestdegreeofsecurity.
----Buteventhoughwalletsprovideeasyshoppingonline,adoptionhasn’tbeenwidespread.
----Standardsarepivotaltothesuccessofdigitalwallets.
----Lastmonth,majorvendors,includingMicrosoftCorp.,SunMicrosystemsInc.andAmericaOnlineInc.announcedtheirendorsementofanewstandardcalledEMCL,orE-CommerceModelingLanguage,togiveWebmerchants