整理Chapter 12Language and the Brain.docx

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整理Chapter12LanguageandtheBrain

Chapter12LanguageandtheBrain

Neurolinguistics

Neurolinguisticsisthestudyoftworelatedareas:

languagedisordersandtherelationshipbetweenbrainandlanguage.

Itincludesresearchinto

1.Howthebrainisstructured

2.Whatfunctioneachpartofthebrainperforms

3.Howandinwhichpartsofthebrainlanguageisstored

4.Howdamagetothebrainaffectstheabilitytouselanguage

ThefocusofthisSection

•Abriefsurveyofthebrainstructureanditsfunction

•Themethodsusedinthestudyofthebrainintermsofevidecesforlateralization（referringtocognitivefunctionscontrolledeitherbytheleftortherightsideofthebrain）（边侧性）

•Thedifferenttypesoflanguagedisturbancethatresultfromthebraindamage

Thebiologicalfoundationsoflanguage

•Byfar,humanbeingsaretheonlyspeciesthatpossesslanguageability.

•Ourlinguisticabilityisabiologicalgiftofthespecies’sgeneprogram.

Speechorgans

•Theseorgansconsistoflips,teeth,tongue,oralcavity,nasalcavity,palate（硬腭）,velum（软腭）,pharynx（咽）,epiglottis（会厌）,vocalcord（声带）,pulmoniccavity（肺腔）andsoon.

Twosectionsofthebrain

thebrainstem

Connectingtothespinalcord（脊椎）andsharedbyallanimals,keepsthebodyalivebymaintainingtheessentialfunctionssuchasrespiration,heartrate,andmuscleco-ordination

Cerebrum

Thecerebrumthatdiffersindifferentspeciesisnotessentialforlife.

CerebralCortex

Thecerebralcortexisthedecision-makingorganofthebodyandstorehouseof“memory”.

Itreceivesmessagesfromallthesensoryorgansandinitiatesallvoluntaryactions.

Itisthecerebralcortexthataccountsforthehumandistinctnessintheanimalworldanditiswithinthehumancortextthatthesecretsoflanguagerepresentationandprocessingaretobefound.

Animals,reptilesandamphibianshavenocortexatall.

Cerebralhemispheres

Theleftandtherightbrain

Themainconnectionbetweenthemisabundleofnervefibresknownasthecorpuscallosum胼胝体,apathwayleadingonetoanother,allowingthetwohemispherestocommunicatewitheachother.

Thelefthemisphereseemstodobetterinlanguage,rhythmicperception,temporal-orderjudgmentsandmathematicalthinking

Therighthemispheresshowdistinctabilitiesandresponsibilities,complexmentalactivitiessuchaslanguagedonotalwaysfallneatlyintoonehemisphereortheotherbutinvolvethecoordinatedfunctioningofbothhemispheres.

4lobesofcerebralcortex

Revision

Thestructureofthehumanbrain

•Threepartsinhumanbrain

•

（1）brainstem（脑干）:

keepsthebodyalivebymaintainingtheessentialfunctionssuchasrespiration,heartrate,andmuscleco-ordination.

•

（2）cerebellum（小脑）:

responsibleforcontrollingbodyequilibriumandregulatingthefunctionofvoluntarymovements.

•（3）cerebrum（大脑）:

importantforlanguagepsychology

•Thesurfaceofthecerebrum:

cerebralcortex（大脑皮层）istheinformationprocessinganddecision-makingorganandthebiologicalbasisofhumanpsychology.

Thestructureofthehumanbrain

Theimportanceofcerebralcortex

•Itisthecerebralcortexthataccountsforthehumandistinctnessintheanimalworldanditiswithinthehumancortexthatthesecretsoflanguagerepresentationandprocessingaretobefound.

Majormentalfunctionsunderthecontrolofeachcerebralhemisphere

•Suchlocalizationofcognitiveandperceptualfunctionsinaparticularhemisphereofthebrainiscalledbrainlateralization.

Methodsforthestudyofthebrainandevidencesforlateralization

•Autopsystudies验尸

•Methodstothestudyofthebrain

SAT阿米妥纳试验

CTscanning计算机化轴向层面Ｘ射线摄影法

PET阳电子发射X线体层摄影法

MRI磁共振成像

fMRI功能磁共振成像

•Methodstoexaminethebehaviourassociatedwiththebraining

Dichoticlistening双耳分听试验

Splitbrainstudies裂脑试验

Autopsystudies（验尸）

Ithasbeenandcontinuestobeanimportanttoolintheunderstandingofthebrain.

Method:

toexaminethebrainafterthepatient’sdeathinordertofindtherelationshipbetweentheareaofbraindamageandthetypeofdisorderthepatientdisplayedwhilealive.

Awomanwithepilepsy癫痫,羊角风

Methodstothestudyofthebrain

Methodstoexaminethebehaviourassociatedwiththebrain

5.Rightearadvantage:

6.Mostpeoplereportthestimuliheardintherightearmoreaccuratelythanthatintheleftone.

7.Howtoexplainsuchaphenomenon?

8.e.g.thedichoticlisteningresearch

9.（双耳分听试验）

10.Themajorityofnormalhumanbeingshavespeechlocatedprimarilyinthelefthemisphere.

Methodstoexaminethebehaviourassociatedwiththebrain

•Thecerebralhemispheresareconnectedbythecorpuscallosum（胼胝体）.

•Whatmayhappenwhenthebrainissplitsurgically?

•Informationfromtheleftsideofthebodyisreceivedonlybytherightsideofthebrainandviceversa.

•Righthemispherecanunderstandandcomprehendinformation,butitismute.

•Splitbrainstudies（裂脑试验）:

theexperimentsthatinvestigatetheeffectsofsurgicallyseveringthecorpuscallosumoncognition.

Languagecenterandaphasia

•Verbalinformationprocessingisrealizedmainlythroughanumberoflanguagecenterssituatedinthelefthemisphere.

•1）Broca’sarea（布罗卡区）[anteriorlanguagearea]

•Itliesinthefrontalpartoftheleftbrain.

•2）Wernicke’sarea（韦尼克区）[posteriorlanguagearea]

•ItleansbehindBroca’sarea.

•3）Angulargyrus（角形脑回）

•ItliesfurtherbehindtheWernicke’sarea.

•Itisbythispartthathumanbeingsmatchaspokenformwithaperceivedobject,nametheobjectsandcomprehendthewrittenlanguage.

Aphasia（失语症）

•Aphasiareferstoanumberofacquiredlanguagedisordersduetothecerebrallesions（大脑损伤）causedbyvascularproblems（血管问题）,atumour,anaccidentandsoon.

•Thestudyofaphasiaisbyfarthemostimportanttoolintheinvestigationoflanguageinthebrain.

Broca’saphasia（布罗卡失语症）

•PaulBroca,Frenchdoctor,1861

•Anylesionoftheanteriorpartofthelefthemispherewillleadtospeechproductiondifficulties.

•（expressiveaphasia,non-fluentaphasia）

•e.g.Yes…ah…Monday…DadandPeter…hospital…andah…Wednesday,nineo’clock…and…ahdoctors…two…er…teeth…yah.

Symptoms:

poorarticulation

•expressasinglewordatatime

•omitarticles,conjunctions,andotherfunctionalwords

•omitgrammaticalinflections（--telegraphicspeech）

Wernicke’saphasia（韦尼克失语症）

•CarlWernicke,Germanphysician,1874

•Anylesioninleftcortexbehindthecentralsulcus（脑沟）willleadtospeechcomprehensiondeficits.

•（receptiveaphasia,fluentaphasia）

•e.g.Colorlessgreenideasaresleepingfuriously.

Symptoms:

fastandfluentspeech

goodintonation,pronunciation

inappropriatecontent

evennonsense

difficultyincomprehension

Acquireddyslexia（习得性失读症）

•Acquireddyslexia:

damageinandaroundtheangulargyrusoftheparietallobe（顶叶）oftencausestheimpairmentofreadingandwritingability.

•Twotypesofacquireddyslexia:

•1.phonologicaldyslexia（拼音性失读症）:

patientscanonlyreadwordsthattheyhaveseenbefore.Theyseemtohavelosttheabilitytousespelling-to-soundrule.

•2.Surfacedyslexia（浅层诵读困难）:

patientsseemunabletorecognizewordsaswholesbutmustprocessallwordsthroughasetofspelling-to-soundrules.

Acquireddyslexia（习得性失读症）

Psycholinguistics

•Psycholinguisticresearchmethods

ØFieldwork

ØExperimentalmethods

•Linguisticsandlanguageprocessing

ØPhoneticsandphonology

ØMorphologicalprocessing

ØSyntax

•Psycholinguisticmodeling

Psycholinguistics

•Inthe1940s,thetermpsycholinguisticscameintobeing.

•ThepublicationofPsycholinguistics:

ASurveyofTheoryandResearchProblems（1954）（byCharlesOsgoodandThomasSebeok）

•Amilestone,markingthebirthofthenewscience

•Psycholinguisticsisthestudyofpsychologicalstatesandmentalactivityassociatedwiththeuseoflanguage.Itconcernstherepresentationoflanguageinthemind,theplanning,production,perceptionandcomprehensionofspeech,andlanguageacquisition.

Thefocusofthissection

Whatdopsycholinguistsdo?

Explore:

11.howlanguageisrepresentedandprocessedinthemind

12.Howtheconceptsandprinciplesareusedindifferentlevelsoflanguageprocessing

13.Howspeechisproduced

Psycholinguisticresearchmethods

•Fieldwork

✓spoonerisms首音互换

•Experimentalmethods

✓LexicalDecision

✓Theprimingexperiment

✓Timed-readingexperiments

✓Eyemovementexperiments

✓Event-relatedpotentialexperiment

11.2.1Psycholinguisticresearchmethods

•Languageproductionisaprocessofconversionfromthoughtstospeech.

•Easyordifficulttostudy?

Why?

•Difficulttostudy.

•Itisalmostimpossibletoobservetheinternalideasortheinvolvedprocesses.

•Now,languageproductioncanonlybestudiedthroughindirectevidence:

•1）theanalysisofpausesinspontaneousspeech

•2）theanalysisofinstancesofspeecherrors（slipsofthetongue）

Fieldwork:

Pausesorsilence

14.Around40%-50%ofanaveragespontaneousutteranceconsistsofpauses.

15.Typesofpauses:

breathing&hesitation

16.Reasonsforpauses:

（Inauguraladdress）

17.1）totakeabreath

18.2）toorganizehisthought

19.3）tofindaproperword

20.4）towaittoseetheeffectofhisspeechonthelistener

21.Finding:

Speakersdonotnormallypausebetweenclauses;theypauseinsidethem.

22.Conclusion:

Thereisoverlappingintheplanningandproductionofclauses.

23.Thatis,webegintoplanthenextclausewhilestillutteringthepresentone.

Spoonerisms

斯本内现象首音互换

24.WilliamA.Spooner

SpeechErrors

slipsoftongue

Phonologicalerrorsprimarilyincontentwords,notingrammaticalmorphemes,suchas–s,or–ed

Wordsandlexicalmorphemes（usedfor