自考00830现代语言学 自考核心考点笔记 自考重点资料.docx

自考00830现代语言学 自考核心考点笔记 自考重点资料.docx

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自考00830现代语言学自考核心考点笔记自考重点资料

自考00830现代语言学自考核心考点笔记自考重点资料

0830-现代语言学2.1Thenamingtheory2.2Dichoticlisteningresearchoftime.e.g.astudyofthechangesEnglishhas3.Thelanguagecenters2.2TheconceptualistviewundergonesinceShakespeare’stimeisa完整版9.5页3.1Broca’sarea2.3Contextualismdiachronicstudy.笔记依据教材3.2Wernicke’sareaompetence:

Theidealuser’s2.4Behaviorism6）.Languagec《现代语言学》3.Lexicalmeaning3.3Theangulargyrusknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.A何兆熊、梅德明主编外语教学与研究出版社3.1Senseandreference3.4Languageperception,comprehensionandtransformational-generativegrammar（转化生成语笔记依据目录3.2Majorsenserelationsproduction法）isamodeloflanguagecompetence.Chapter1Introduction4.Thecriticalperiodforlanguageacquisition3.2.1Synonymy7）.Languageperformance:

performanceisthe1.Whatislinguistics?

4.1Thecriticalperiodhypothesis3.2.2Polysemyactualrealizationoftheideallanguageuser’s1.1Definition4.2ThecaseofGenieandthedegenerationof3.2.3Homonymyknowledgeoftherulesinlinguisticcommunication.1.2Thescopeoflinguistics3.2.4Hyponymylanguagefacultywithage8）.Langue:

Languereferstotheabstractlinguistic1.3Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics3.2.5Antonymy5.Languageandthoughtsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeech1.3.1Prescriptivevs.descriptive4.Senserelationsbetweensentences5.1Earlyviewsonlanguageandthoughtcommunity;Langueisthesetofconventionsand1.3.2Synchronicvs.diachronic5.Analysisofmeaning5.2TheSapir-Whorfhypothesisruleswhichlanguageusersallhavetofollow;1.3.3Speechandwriting5.1Componentialanalysis—awaytoanalyze5.3ArgumentsagainsttheSapir-WhorfhypothesisLangueisrelativelystable,itdoesnotchange1.3.4Langueandparolelexicalmeaning5.3.1Wordsandmeaningfrequently.1.3.5Competenceandperformance5.2Predicationanalysis—awaytoanalyze5.3.2Grammaticalstructure9）.Parole:

Parolereferstotherealizationoflangue2.Whatislanguage?

sentencemeaning5.3.3Translationinactualuse;paroleistheconcreteuseofthe2.1DefinitionsoflanguageStudyquestions5.3.4Secondlanguageacquisitionconventionsandtheapplicationoftherules;parole2.2DesignfeaturesChapter6Pragmatics5.3.5Languageandworldviewsvariesfrompersontoperson,andfromsituationtoStudyquestions1.Whatispragmatics?

5.4Understandingtherelationoflanguageandsituation.Chapter2Phonology1.1Definitionthought10）.Language:

Languageisasystemofarbitrary1.Thephonicmediumoflanguage1.2Pragmaticsvs.semantics5.4.1Majorfunctionsoflanguagevocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.2.Phonetics1.3Context5.4.2Thedevelopmentandblendingoflanguage11）.Arbitrariness:

Itisoneofthedesignfeaturesof2.1Whatisphonetics?

1.4Sentencemeaningvs.utterancemeaning5.4.3Thinkingwithoutlanguagelanguage.Itmeansthatthereisnological2.2Organsofspeech2.Speechacttheory5.4.4Languageasaconventionalcodingsystemconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.Agood2.3Orthographicrepresentationofspeech3.Principleofconversationtoexpressthoughtexampleisthefactthatdifferentsoundsareusedsounds—broadandnarrowtranscriptions5.4.5ThewaysinwhichlanguageaffectsthoughtStudyquestionstorefertothesameobjectindifferentlanguages.2.4ClassificationofEnglishspeechsoundsStudyquestionsChapter7HistoricalLinguistics12）.Productivity:

Languageisproductiveor2.4.1ClassificationofEnglishconsonantsChapter10LanguageAcquisition1.Thepurposeandsignificanceofthehistoricalcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstruction2.4.2ClassificationofEnglishvowels1.Firstlanguageacquisitionstudyoflanguageandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.3.Phonology2.Thenatureoflanguagechange1.1Thebiologicalbasisoflanguageacquisition13）.Duality:

Languageisasystem,whichconsists3.1Phonologyandphonetics3.ThehistoricaldevelopmentofEnglish1.2Languageacquisitionastheacquisitionofoftwosetsofstructure,ortwolevels,oneof3.2Phone,phoneme,andallophone3.1MajorperiodsinthehistoryofEnglishgrammaticalrulessoundsatthelowerorbasiclevel,andtheotherof3.3Phonemiccontrast,complementarydistribution,3.1.1OldEnglish1.3Theroleofinputandinteractionmeaningsatthehigherlevel.andminimalpair3.1.2MiddleEnglish1.4Theroleofinstruction14）.Displacement:

languagecanbeusedtorefer3.4Somerulesinphonology3.1.3ModernEnglish1.5Theroleofcorrectionandreinforcementtothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realor3.4.1Sequentialrules3.2linguisticchangeofEnglish1.6Theroleofimitationimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture,or3.4.2Assimilationrules3.2.1Soundchange2.Stagesoffirstlanguageacquisitioninfar-awayplaces.Inotherwords,languagecan3.4.3Deletionrule3.2.2Morphologicalchange2.1Theprelinguisticstagebeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromthe3.5Suprasegmentalfeatures—stress,tone,3.2.3Syntacticchange2.2Theone-wordstageimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.intonation2.3Thetwo-wordstage3.2.4Lexicalchange15）.Culturaltransmission:

Whileweareborn3.5.1Stress2.4Themultiwordstage3.2.5Semanticchangewiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,thedetailsof3.5.2Tone3.Thedevelopmentofthegrammaticalsystem4.Languagefamilyanylanguagearenotgeneticallytransmitted,but3.5.3Intonation4.1Classifyinggeneticallyrelatedlanguages3.1Thedevelopmentofphonologyinsteadhavetobetaughtandlearned.Studyquestions4.2TheIndo-Englishlanguagefamily3.2Thedevelopmentofsyntax16）.Designfeatures:

ItreferstothedefiningChapter3Morphology5.Thecausesoflanguagechange3.3Thedevelopmentofmorphologypropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishit1.Definition5.1Soundassimilation3.4Thedevelopmentofvocabularyandsemanticsfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication2.Morpheme5.2Rulesimplificationandregularization4.Secondlanguageacquisition2.Explainthefollowingdefinitionoflinguistics:

2.1Morpheme:

thesmallestmeaningfulunitof5.3Internalborrowing4.1Acquisitionvs.learningLinguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.language4.2Transferandinterference5.4ElaborationLinguisticsinvestigatesnotanyparticularlanguage,2.2Typesofmorphemes5.5Sociologicaltriggers4.3ErrorAnalysisandthenaturalrouteofSLAbutlanguagesingeneral.2.2.1Freemorphemes5.6CulturaltransmissiondevelopmentLinguisticstudyisscientificbecauseitisbasedon2.2.2Boundmorphemes5.7Children’sapproximationtowardtheadult4.4Interlanguageandfossilizationthesystematicinvestigationofauthentic（可靠的，2.2.3Morphologicalrulesgrammar4.5Theroleofinput真实的）languagedata.Noseriouslinguistic3.CompoundingStudyquestions4.6Theroleofformalinstructionconclusionisreacheduntilafterthelinguisthas3.1TypesofcompoundwordsChapter8Sociolinguistics4.7Individuallearnerfactorsdonethefollowingthreethings:

observingtheway3.2Featuresofcompounds1.Languagevariation4.7.1TheoptimumageforsecondlanguageStudyquestionslanguageisactuallyused,formulatingsome1.1SpeechcommunityacquisitionChapter4Syntaxhypotheses,andtestingthesehypothesesagainst1.2Speechvariety4.7.2Motivation1.Syntaxasasystemofruleslinguisticfactstoprovetheirvalidity.1.3Regionalvariation4.7.3Acculturation2.Sentencestructure3.Whatarethebranchesoflinguistics?

What1.4Socialvariation4.7.4Personality2.1Thebasiccomponentsofasentence1.5Stylisticvariation…doeseachofthemstudy?

（语言学的主要分支是…（中间部分略）2.2Typesofsentences1.6Idiolectalvariation完整版请——什么每个分支的研究对象是什么,）2.2.1Thesimplesentence2.StandardandnonstandardlanguageQQ:

1273114568索取Linguisticsmainlyinvolvesthefollowingbranches:

2.2.2Thecoordinatesentence2.1Standardandnonstandardlanguage1）Generallinguistics,whichisthestudyof2.2.3ThecomplexsentenceStudyquestions2.2Linguafrancaslanguageasawholeandwhichdealswiththe2.3ThelinearandhierarchicalstructuresofSuggestedAnswerstoStudyQuestions2.3Pidginsbasicconcepts,theories,descriptions,modelsandsentencesAnEnglish-ChineseGlossary2.4Creolesmethodsapplicableinanylinguisticstudy2.3.1ThelinearwordorderofasentenceADetailedNoteforModernLinguistics3.Diglossiaandbilingualism2）Phonetics,whichstudiesthesoundsthatare2.3.2Thehierarchicalstructureofasentence3.1DiglossiaChapter1:

Introductionusedinlinguisticcommunication2.3.3Treediagramsofsentencestructure3.2Bilingualism1.Definethefollowingterms:

3）Phonology,whichstudieshowsoundsareput3.Syntacticcategories4.Ethnicdialect1）.Linguistics:

Itisgenerallydefinedasthetogetherandusedtoconveymeaningin3.1Lexicalcategories4.1BlackEnglish,acasestudyofethnicdialectscientificstudyoflanguage.communication3.2Phrasalcategories4.2ThesocialenvironmentofBlackEnglish2）.Generallinguistics:

Thestudyoflanguageas4）Morphology,whichstudiesthewayinwhich4.Grammaticalrelations5.Socialdialectawholeiscalledgenerallinguistics.morphemesarearrangedtoformwords5.Combinationalrules5.1Educationvarieties3）.Appliedlinguistics:

Inanarrowsense,applied5）Syntax,whichstudieshowmorphemesand5.1Phrasestructurerules5.2Agevarietieslinguisticsreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticwordsarecombinedtoformsentences5.2Therecursivenessofphrasestructurerules5.3Gendervarietiesprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingand6）Semantics,whichisthestudyofmeaningin5.3X-bartheory5.4Registervarietieslearning,especiallytheteachingofforeignandlan?

guage.6.Synt