优质研究生英语精读课程 unit1 课文和练习.docx

优质研究生英语精读课程 unit1 课文和练习.docx

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优质研究生英语精读课程unit1课文和练习

YouAreWhatYouThink

Andifyouchangeyourmind—frompessimismtooptimism—youcanchangeyourlife

ClaipeSafran

[1]Doyouseetheglassashalffullratherthanhalfempty?

Doyoukeepyoureyeuponthedoughnut,notuponthehole?

Suddenlytheseclichésarescientificquestions,asresearchersscrutinizethepowerofpositivethinking.

[2]Afast-growingbodyofresearch—104studiessofar,involvingsome15000people—isprovingthatoptimismcanhelpyoutobehappier,healthierandmoresuccessful.Pessimismleads,bycontrast,tohopelessness,sicknessandfailure,andislinkedtodepression﹡,lonelinessandpainfulshyness."Ifwecouldteachpeopletothinkmorepositively,"sayspsychologistCraigA.AndersonofRiceUniversityinHouston，"itwouldbelikeinoculatingthemagainstthesementalills."

[3]"Yourabilitiescount,"explainspsychologistMichaelF.ScheierofCarnegieMellonUniversityinPittsburgh,"butthebeliefthatyoucansucceedaffectswhetherornotyouwill."Inpart,that'sbecauseoptimistsandpessimistsdealwiththesamechallengesanddisappointmentsinverydifferentways.

[4]Take,forexample,yourjob.Inamajorstudy,psychologistMartinE.P.SeligmanoftheUniversityofPennsylvaniaandcolleaguePeterSchulmansurveyedsalesrepresentativesattheMetropolitanLifeInsuranceCo.Theyfoundthatthepositive-thinkersamonglongtimerepresentativessold37-percentmoreinsurancethandidthenegative-thinkers.Ofnewlyhiredrepresentatives,optimistssold20-percentmore.

[5]Impressed,thecompanyhired100peoplewhohadfailedthestandardindustrytestbuthadscoredhighonoptimism.Thesepeople,whomightneverhavebeenhired,sold10percentmoreinsurancethandidtheaveragerepresentative.

[6]Howdidtheydoit?

Thesecrettoanoptimist'ssuccess,accordingtoSeligman,isinhis"explanatorystyle".Whenthingsgowrongthepessimisttendstoblamehimself."I'mnogoodatthis,"hesays,"Ialwaysfail."Theoptimistlooksforloopholes.Heblamestheweather,thephoneconnection,eventheotherperson.Thatcustomerwasinabadmood,hethinks.Whenthingsgoright,theoptimisttakescreditwhilethepessimistseessuccessasafluke.

[7]CraigAndersonhadagroupofstudentsphonestrangersandaskthemtodonatebloodtotheRedCross.Whentheyfailedonthefirstcallortwo,pessimistssaid,"Ican'tdothis."Optimiststoldthemselves,"Ineedtotryadifferentapproach."

[8]Negativeorpositive,itwasaself-fulfillingprophecy."Ifpeoplefeelhopeless,"saysAnderson,"theydon'tbothertoacquiretheskillstheyneedtosucceed."

[9]Asenseofcontrol,accordingtoAnderson,isthelitmustestforsuccess.Theoptimistfeelsincontrolofhisownlife.Ifthingsaregoingbadly,heactsquickly,lookingforsolutions,forminganewplanofaction,andreachingoutforadvice.Thepessimistfeelslikefate'splaythingandmovesslowly.Hedoesn'tseekadvice,sinceheassumesnothingcanbedone.

[10]Optimistsmaythinktheyarebetterthanthefactswouldjustify—andsometimesthat'swhatkeepsthemalive.Dr.SandraLevyofthePittsburghCancerInstitutestudiedwomenwithadvancedbreastcancer.Forthewomenwhoweregenerallyoptimistic,therewasalongerdisease-freeinterval,thebestpredictorofsurvival.Inapilotstudyofwomenintheearlystagesofbreastcancer,Dr.Levyfoundthediseaserecurredsooneramongthepessimists.

[11]Optimismwon'tcuretheincurable,butitmaypreventillness.Inalongtermstudy,researchersexaminedthehealthhistoriesofagroupofHarvardgraduates,allofwhomwereinthetophalfoftheirclassandinfinephysicalcondition.Yetsomewerepositivethinkers,andsomenegative.Twentyyearslater,thereweremoremiddle-agediseases—

hypertension,diabetes,heartailments—amongthepessimiststhantheoptimists.

[12]Manystudiessuggestthatthepessimist'sfeelingofhelplessnessunderminesthebody'snaturaldefenses,theimmunesystem.Dr.ChristopherPetersonoftheUniversityofMichiganhasfoundthatthepessimistdoesn'ttakegoodcareofhimself.Feelingpassiveandunabletododgelife'sblows,heexpectsillhealthandothermisfortunes,nomatterwhathedoes.Hemunchesonjunkfood，avoidsexercise,ignoresthedoctor,hasanotherdrink.

[13]Mostpeopleareamixofoptimismandpessimism,butareinclinedinonedirectionortheother.Itisapatternofthinkinglearned“atyourmother‘sknee”，saysSeligman.Itgrowsoutofthousandsofcautionsorencouragements,negativestatementsorpositiveones.Toomany“don’ts”andwarningsofdangercanmakeachildfeelincompetent,fearful—andpessimistic.

[14]Astheygrow,childrenexperiencesmalltriumphs,suchaslearningtotieshoelaces.Parentscanhelpturnthesesuccessesintoasenseofcontrol,andthatbreedsoptimism.

[15]Pessimismisahardhabittobreak—butitcanbedone.Inaseriesoflandmarkstudies,Dr.CarolDweckoftheUniversityofIllinoishasbeenworkingwithchildrenintheearlygradesofschool.Asshehelpsflounderingstudentstochangetheexplanationsfortheirfailures—from"Imustbedumb"to"Ididn'tstudyhardenough“—theiracademicperformanceimproves.

[16]Pittsburgh'sDr.Levywonderedifturningpatientsintooptimistswouldlengthentheirlives.Inapilotstudy,twogroupsofcolon﹡-cancerpatientsweregiventhesamemedicaltreatment,butsomewerealsogivenpsychologicalhelptoencourageoptimism.Resultsshowedthatthisworked.Nowamajorstudyisplannedtodeterminewhetherthispsychologicalchangecanalterthecourseofthedisease.

[17]So,ifyou'reapessimist,there'sreasonforoptimism.Youcanchange.Here'show,saysSteveHollon,apsychologistatVanderbiltUniversity:

[18]1.Paycarefulattentiontoyourthoughtswhenbadthingshappen.Writedownthefirstthingthatcomestomind,uneditedanduncensored.

[19]2.Nowtryanexperiment.Dosomethingthat'scontrarytoanynegativereactions.Let'ssaysomethinghasgonewrongatwork.Doyouthink,Ihatemyjob,butIcouldnevergetabetterone?

Actasifthatweren'tso.Sendoutresumés.Gotointerviews.Lookintotrainingandcheckjobleads.

[20]3.Keeptrackofwhathappens.Wereyourfirstthoughtsrightorwrong?

"Ifyourthoughtsareholdingyouback,changethem,"saysHollon."It'strialanderror,noguarantees,butgiveyourselfachance."

[21]Positivethinkingleadstopositiveaction,andreaction.Whatyouexpectfromtheworld,theevidencesuggests,iswhatyou'relikelytoget.

1.Thosepeoplewho"keeptheireyeuponthedoughnutratherthanonthehole"_______.

A.areconsideredpositive-thinkersbytheauthor

B.arelikelytoseetheirglassashalfempty

C.viewtheirsuccessesandfailuresmoreobjectively

D.havesuddenlybecometheobjectofscientificresearchonclichés

2.Anoptimist_______.

A.isalwaysincontrolofhisownlife

B.oftenoverestimateshisabilities

C.mightlivelongerthanapessimistwhensufferingfromcertainillnesssuchascancer

D.encountersdifferentchallengesanddisappointmentsfromapessimist

3.Thepessimist________.

A.seldomsucceedsinwhathedoes

B.attributeshissuccesstoluck

C.triesdifferentapproacheswhenhisfirstattemptfails

D.knowshowtotakegoodcareofhimself

4.TheMetropolitanLifeInsuranceCompanyhired100newemployeesbecause________.

A.theyfailedthestandardindustrytest

B.theirhighscoresonoptimismimpressedthecompany

C.theywerenotlikelytobehiredbyothercompanies

D.thecompanywasimpressedbytheresultofastudydonebysomepsychologists

5.The100newemployees______.

A.sold37%moreinsurancethantheaveragerepresentatives

B.sold20%moreinsurancethanthenegativethinkers

C.sold10%moreinsurancethanlongtimerepresentatives

D.provedthattheycoulddobetteratsellinginsurancethanthecompany’saveragesalesrepresentative

6.AccordingtoSeligman,thesecrettoanoptimist’ssuccesscanbefoundin“hisexplanatorystyle”,bywhichhemeansthattheoptimist________.

A.isabletoexplainmoreclearlytothecustomers

B.soundsmorepleasantinhisexplanation

C.triestofindfaultswithotherfactorsotherthaninhimselfforhisfailure

D.hasmoreconfidenceinhimselfthaninothers

7.Itcanbeinferredfromthearticlethattheauthorthinksthat_______.

A.peoplewillbeabletopreventdepressionandpainfulshynessiftheylearntothinkmorepositively

B.businesscompaniesmightmakebetterjudgmentiftheytesttheattitudesoftheapplicantsinsteadofgivingthemthestandardindustrytestbeforehiringthem

C.oneismorelikelytosucceedthenexttimeifoneisabletolayblamesonotherswhenonehasfailed

D.one’sbeliefthatonecansucceedwillguaranteehissuccess

8.Whetherpositiveornegative,aperson’sattitudetowardslifeisathinkinghabit_______.

A.inheritedfromeitherofhisparents

B.formedwhenheisveryyoung

C.acquiredafterhehasgainedconsiderableexperience

D.nevertobegotridof

9.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage?

A.Mostpeoplecannotbeconvenientlyputunderthecategoryofoptimistorpessimist.

B.Therearemorepositivethinkersamongoptimiststhanamongpessimists.

C.Itisnotsureyetwhetherpsychologicaltreatmentwillhelpcancerpatients.

D.Bylookingintotrainingopportunitiesandcheckingjobleads,apessimistwillbecomeanoptimist.

10.Whichofthefollowingisnotoneofthestepsmentionedbytheauthorinformingamorepositiveattitudetowardslife?

A.Documentyourgloomythoughts.

B.Dosomethingagainstyournegativeinclination.

C.Recordwhathappen