英语四级课程阅读徐磊讲义.docx
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英语四级课程阅读徐磊讲义
Inthe1960s,medicalresearchersThomasHolmesandRichardRahedevelopedachecklistofstressfulevents.Theyappreciatedthetrickypointthatanymajorchangecanbestressful.Negativeeventslike“seriousillnessofafamilymember”werehighonthelist,butsoweresomepositivelife-changingevents,likemarriage.WhenyoutaketheHolmes-Rahetestyoumustrememberthatthescoredoesnotreflecthowyoudealwithstress—itonlyshowshowmuchyouhavetodealwith.Andwenowknowthatthewayyouhandletheseeventsdramaticallyaffectsyourchancesofstayinghealthy.
Bytheearly1970s,hundredsofsimilarstudieshadfollowedHolmesandRahe.AndmillionsofAmericanswhoworkandliveunderstressworriedoverthereports.Somehowtheresearchgotboileddowntoamemorablemessage.Women’smagazinesranheadlineslike“Stresscausesillness”Ifyouwanttostayphysicallyandmentallyhealthy,thearticlessaidavoidstressfulevents.Butsuchsimplisticadviceisimpossibletofollow.Evenifstressfuleventsaredangerousmany—likethedeathofalovedone—areimpossibletoavoid.Moreover,anywarningtoavoidallstressfuleventsisaprescription(处方)forstayingawayfromopportunitiesaswellastrouble.Sinceanychangecanbestressful,apersonwhowantedtobecompletelyfreeofstresswouldnevermarry,haveachild,takeanewjobormove.
Thenotionthatallstressmakesyousickalsoignoresalotofwhatweknowaboutpeople.Itassumeswe’reallvulnerable(脆弱的)andpassiveinthefaceofadversity(逆境).Butwhatabouthumaninitiativeandcreativity﹖Manycomethroughperiodsofstresswithmorephysicalandmentalvigorthantheyhadbefore.Wealsoknowthatalongtimewithoutchangeorchallengecanleadtoboredom,andphysicalandmentalstrain.
21.TheresultofHolmes-Rahe'smedicalresearchtellsus____.
Athewayyouhandlemajoreventsmaycausestress
Bwhatshouldbedonetoavoidstress
Cwhatkindofeventwouldcausestress
Dhowtocopewithsuddenchangesinlife
22.Thestudiesonstressintheearly1970’sledto____.
Awidespreadconcernoveritsharmfuleffects
Bgreatpanicoverthementaldisorderitcouldcause
Canintensiveresearchintostress-relatedillnesses
Dpopularavoidanceofstressfuljobs
23.ThescoreoftheHolmes-Rahetestshows____.
Ahowmuchpressureyouareunder
Bhowpositiveeventscanchangeyoulife
Chowstressfulamajoreventcanbe
Dhowyoucandealwithlife-changingevents
24.Whyis“suchsimplisticadvice”Line1Para.3impossibletofollow﹖
ANoonecanstayonthesamejobforlong
BNoprescriptioniseffectiveinrelievingstress
CPeoplehavetogetmarriedsomeday
DYoucouldbemissingopportunitiesaswell
25.Accordingtothepassagepeoplewhohaveexperiencedupsanddownsmaybecome____.
Anervouswhenfacedwithdifficulties
Bphysicallyandmentallystrained
Cmorecapableofcopingwithadversity
Dindifferenttowardwhathappenstothem
Psychiatrists(精神病专家)whoworkwitholderparentssaythatmaturitycanbeanassetinchildrearing-olderparentsaremorethoughtful,uselessphysicaldisciplineandspendmoretimewiththeirchildren.Butraisingkidstakesmoneyandenergy.Manyolderparentsfindthemselvesbalancingtheirlimitedfinancialresources,decliningenergyandfailinghealthagainstthegrowingdemandsofanactivechild.Dyingandleavingyoungchildrenisprobablytheolderparents'biggest,andoftenunspoken,fear.Havinglate-lifechildren,saysaneconomicsprofessor.oftenmeansparents,particularlyfathers,"endupretiringmuchlater."Formany,retirementbecomesanunobtainabledream.
HenryMetcalf.a54-year-oldjournalist,knowsittakesmoneytoraisekids.Buthe'salsoworriedthathisenergywillgiveoutfirst.Sure,hecanstillridebikeswithhisathleticfifthgrader,buthe'slearnedthatyoungatheartdoesn'tmeanyoung.Latelyhe'sbeentakingafternoonnaps(午睡)tokeepuphisenergy."Mybodyisaging,"saysMetcalf."Youcan'tgetawayfromthat."
Often,olderparentshearthetickingofanotherkindofbiologicalclock.Therapistswhoworkwithmiddle-agedandolderparentssayfearsaboutagingarenothingtolaughat."Theyworrythey'llbemistakenforgrandparents,orthatthey'llneedhelpgettingupoutofthoselittlechairsinnurseryschool,"saysJoannGalst,aNewYorkpsychologist.Butatthecoreofthoselittlefearsthereisoftenamuchbiggerone:
"thattheywon'tbealivelongenoughtosupportandprotecttheirchild,"shesays.
Manylate-lifeparents,though,saytheirchildrencameatjusttherighttime.Aftermarryinglateandundergoingyearsoffertility(受孕)treatment,MarilynNolenandherhusband.Randy,hadtwins."Webothwantedchildren,"saysMarilyn,whowas55whenshegavebirth.Thetwinshavegiventhecouplewhattheydesiredforyears,"asenseoffamily."Kidsofolderdadsareoftensmarter,happierandmoresociablebecausetheirfathersaremoreinvolvedintheirlives.'Thedadsareolder,moremature,"saysDr.Silber,"andmorereadytofocusonparenting."
36.Whydopsychiatristsregardmaturityasanassetinchildrearing?
A)Olderparentscanbetterbalancetheirresourcesagainstchildren'sdemands.
B)Olderparentsareusuallymoreexperiencedinbringinguptheirchildren.
C)Olderparentsareoftenbetterpreparedfinancially.
D)Olderparentscantakebettercareoftheirchildren.
37.Whatdoestheauthormeanbysaying"Formany,retirementbecomesanunobtainabledream"(Lines7-8,Para.1)?
A)Theyhavetogoonworkingbeyondtheirretirementage.
B)Theycan'tgetfullpensionunlesstheyworksomeextrayears.
C)Theycan'tobtaintheretirementbenefitstheyhavedreamedof.
D)Theyarereluctanttoretirewhentheyreachtheirretirementage.
38.TheauthorgivestheexampleofHenryMetcalftoshowthat
A)manypeopleareyounginspiritdespitetheiradvancedage.
B)takingafternoonnapsisagoodwaytomaintainenergy
C)olderparentstendtobeconcernedabouttheiragingbodies
D)olderparentsshouldexercisemoretokeepupwiththeirathleticchildren
39.What'sthebiggestfearofolderparentsaccordingtoNewYorkpsychologistJoanGalst?
A)Beinglaughedatbyotherpeople.
B)Slowingdownoftheirpaceoflife.
C)Beingmistakenforgrandparents.
D)Approachingofdeath.
40.WhatdowelearnaboutMarilynandRandyNolen?
A)Theythoughttheywereanexampleofsuccessfulfertilitytreatment.
B)Notuntiltheyreachedmiddleagedidtheythinkofhavingchildren.
C)Notuntiltheyhadthetwinsdidtheyfeeltheyhadformedafamily.
D)Theybelievedthatchildrenbornofolderparentswouldbesmarter.
Communicationstechnologiesarefarfromequalwhenitcomestoconveyingthetruth.Thefirststudytocomparehonestyacrossarangeofcommunicationsmediahasfoundthatpeoplearetwicelikelytotellliesinphoneconversationsastheyareinemails.Thefactthatemailsareautomaticallyrecorded—andcancomebacktohaunt(困扰)you–appearstobethekeytothefindings.
JeffHancockofCornellUniversityinIthaca.NewYork,asked30studentstokeepacommunicationsdiaryforaweek.Inittheynotedthenumberofconversationsoremailexchangestheyhadlastingmorethan10minutes,andconfessedtohowmanyliestheytold.Hancockthenworkedoutthenumberofliesperconversationforeachmedium.Hefoundthatliesmadeup14percentofemails,21percentofinstantmessages,27percentofface-to-faceinteractionsandanastonishing37percentofphonecalls.
Hisresults,tobepresentedatconferenceonhuman-computerinteractioninVienna,Austria,inApril,havesurprisedpsychologists.Someexpectede-mailerstobethebiggestliars,reasoningthatbecausedeceptionmakespeopleuncomfortable,thedetachmentofemailingwouldmakeiteasiertolie.Othersexpectedpeopletoliemoreinface-to-faceexchangesbecausewearemostpracticedatthatformofcommunication.
ButHancocksaysitisalsocrucialwhetheraconversationisbeingrecordedandcouldbereread,andwhetheritoccursinrealtime.Peopleappeartobeafraidtoliewhentheyknowthecommunicationcouldlaterbeusedtoholdthemtoaccount,hesays.Thisiswhyfewerliesappearinemailthanonthephone.
Peoplearealsomorelikelytolieinrealtime–inaninstantmessageorphonecalls–thantheyhavetimetothinkofaresponse,saysHancock.Hefoundmanyliesarespontaneousresponsestoanexpectedquestion,suchas:
“Doyoulikemedress?
”
Hancockhopesthisresearchwillhelpcompaniesworkoutthebestwaysfortheiremployeestocommunicate.Forinstance,thephonemightbethebestmediumforsaleswhereemployeesareencouragedtostretchthetruth.Butgivenhisresults,workassessment,wherehonestyisapriority,mightbebestdoneusingemail.
57.Hancock’sstudyfocuseson____________.
A theconsequencesoflyinginvariouscommunicationsmedia.
B thesuccessofcommunicationstechnologiesinconveyingideas
C people’spreferencesinselectingcommunicationstechnologies.
D people’shonestylevelsacrossarangeofcommunicationsmedia.
58.Hancock’sresearchfindingsurprisedthosewhobelievedthat_______.
A peoplearelesslikelytolieininstantmessage.
B peopleareunlikelytolieinface-to-faceinteractions
C peoplearemostlikelytolieinemailcommunication
D peoplearetwiceaslikelytolieinphoneconversation.
59.Accordingtothepassage,whyarepeoplemorelikelytotellthetruththroughcertainmediumofcommunication?
A Theyareafraidofleavingbehindtracesoflies.
B Theybelievethathonestyisthebestpolicy.
C They