精雕细刻出美人论奥斯丁《爱玛》的写作技巧.docx

精雕细刻出美人论奥斯丁《爱玛》的写作技巧.docx

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精雕细刻出美人论奥斯丁《爱玛》的写作技巧

精雕细刻出“美人”

——简析简奥斯汀《爱玛》的写作技巧

学生：

张灿

指导老师：

柳星

（湖南女子大学外语系，长沙410004）

Contents

AbstractinChinese

AbstractinEnglish

AbriefintroductiontoJaneAustenandEmmaofherwork

1.1.AbriefinabriefintroductiontoJaneAusten’slifeandeducation

1.2.ABriefIntroductiontoEmma—theBook

Emma’swritingskills

2.1.Structurebrilliant,finewriting

2.2.Humorouslanguage,thebeautyofthiskindof

TheMasterArtisticInEmma

1.TheuseofIronyinEmma

1.1.Verbalirony

1.2.Dramaticirony

1.3.Situationalirony

Conclusion

Notes

Bibliography

Acknowledgements

摘要：

《爱玛》是19世纪英国杰出的现实主义女作家奥斯丁最伟大的一部小说，体现了她的主要艺术特色。

本文将从该部作品的主要写作技巧和主要艺术表现手法这两方面进行尝试性探讨与研究，从而进一步了解该小说，感知她是如何精雕细刻地进行艺术创作的。

该小说结构精巧，文笔细腻；语言幽默，妙趣横生。

简.奥斯汀的一些写作技巧，主要包括其精心设置的情景，巧妙构思的故事情节，恰到好处的人物对话，娴熟的语言技巧，还有各种反讽手法和其灵活多变的叙述角度成功的创造《爱玛》。

该小说通过塑造一个幼稚而自负的女主人并使她成为一系列反讽的对象，而向读者展示了一个从幼稚走向成熟并最终获得幸福的女性的故事。

简·奥斯丁继承欧洲文学的反讽传统，并以她高度的艺术自觉，巧妙娴熟地将反讽融于作品之中,在《爱玛》中作者运用了多种反讽手法。

简.奥斯丁的艺术成就确保了她在英国文学史上的重要地位。

她的创作艺术将具有永恒的魅力。

关键词：

奥斯丁、爱玛、结构、语言、反讽

Abstract：

"Emma"isthedistinguishedBritish19thcenturyrealismAustinwomanforthegreatestnovel，embodyingherprincipalartisticfeatures.ThisthesismeanstomakeatentativestudyofEmma’swritingtechniquesandthemasterartisticemployedinthenovelinordertoshowhowJaneAustenengravesuponalittlepieceofivory.Thenovel’sstructureisbrilliant,Finewriting;Humorouslanguage,thebeautyofthiskindof.JaneAusten'scarefullypresentedscenes,skillfullydevelopedplots,appropriatelyarrangeddialoguesandexcellentlanguageskills.Whatismoreimportant,theironyandthetechniqueofomniscientnarrator,largelyensurehersuccessincreatingEmma.BycreatinganativepersonaandrenderingheravictimofironyJaneAustinpresentsusastoryaboutabeautifulbutself-assertiveheroinewhogrowsfromnaivetytomaturityandfinallyreachesthestateofhappiness.Inadditiontotheinfluenceoftheironictradition,JaneAusten’sinherentgiftenabledhertouseironyperfectly,sheuseavarietyoftacticsironyinEmma.JaneAusten'sartisticachievementswillensureherliterarypositionasagreatnovelistinthehistoryofEnglishliterature.Thecharmofherartwillappealeternallytogenerationstocome.

Keywords:

JaneAusten.Emma.Structure.Language.irony

精雕细刻出“美人”

-------简析简奥斯汀《爱玛》的写作技巧

Engravingouta“beauty”

-------AbriefanalysisofthewritingskillsofJaneAusten’s“Emma”

ChapterOneAbriefintroductiontoJaneAustenandEmmaofherwork

1.1.AbriefinabriefintroductiontoJaneAusten’slifeandeducation

AmongthedistinguishedEnglishnovelistsofthe19thcenturyareseveralwomen.OneofthemisJaneAusten.Sheisindeedsofineanartist.SheiscreditedwithhavingbroughttheEnglishnoveltoitsmaturity.Austen’sstrengthliesinherrealism,inherpresentationoftheactualproblemsofbehaviorandsensibilityinanactual,concretesociety.Thisprettyyoungladyhascharmedusformorethanoneandahalfcenturies—charmedawaydullhours,createdvividandlivelycharacters,bestowinghappinessandharmlessmirthupongenerationstocome.ShewasbornonDecember16.1775,theseventhofeight---sixboysandtwogirls—JaneAustenhadmorethancommonvariedcontactwiththelimitedworldofprovincialgentrybecauseherfatherwasacountryclergyman.TherectorofSteventoninthecountyofHampshireinSouth-centralEngland.ShelivedwithherfamilyatSteventonuntiltheymovedtoBathwhenherfatherretiredin1801.Afterhisdeathin1805,shemovedaroundwithhermother,andfinallyin1809theysettledinClawton,nearAlton.Hampshire.Heresheremained,exceptforafewvisitstoLondon.UntilinMay1817shemovedtoWinchestertobenearherdoctor.Thereshediedon18July1817.

ThoughshewasawayfromhomemanyyearsforcompanyofhereldersisterCassandraintwoboardingschools,returninghomeattheageofnineonly.Shehadtheadvantageofgrowingupandstudyinginaneducatedfamily.Intheeveningsamidtheneedleworkandotherdomesticactives,Mr.Austenreadaloud.Sometimewasprobablydevotedtotheutilityof“improving”conversation”.Inaddition,theAustenwasanovel-readingfamily.Thoughshewascompletelyisolatedfromliteraryfriendship,andneverintouchwithprofessionalwritersorcritics,JaneAusten’scompensationswerealmostunique.Inheritingthecultureoftheclassicsandarespectfoestylefromwerefluentpenmen,sharingherthoughts,andambitions,aboveall,blessedwithasenseofhumorandtheloveforthelife.Butforthenovelistshewastobecome,her“education”wastotallyintheprovincialcommunityinwhichshecametomaturityandofwhichshewastoremaineverfond,asbothaplacetoliveandascenetodelineate.

JaneAusten,inherlifespanofonlyforty-twoyears,composedalargenumberofliterarypieces.Asagirlshewrotestories,includingburlesquesofpopularromances.Fournovelswerepublishedduringherlifetime.TheyareSenseandSensibility（1813）,MansfieldPark（1814）,andEmma（1816）.Twoothersnovels,NorthangerAbbeyandPersuasionwerepublishedposthumouslyin1818withabiographicalnoticebyherbrother,HenryAusten,thefirstformalannouncementofherauthorship.Shealsolefttwoearliercompositions,ashortepistolarynovel,LadySusan,andanunfinishednovel,TheWatson.Atthetimeofherdeathshewasworkingonanewnovel,Sanditon,afragmentarydraftofwhichsurvives.JaneAusten’snovelsarerestrictedtoaverylimitedworld—aconfinedspheremadeupofafewfamiliesofrelativeswiththeirfriendsandacquaintances.Shehasdepicted,withenormouswit,tendernessandhumor,thelivesandthoughtsofthemiddleclass.Theplotsofhernovelsrevolvearoundtheintricaciesofcourtshipandmarriagebetweenmembersoftheclass.Sheconcentrateduponeternalmixedqualitiesofhumanity—ofhumanrelationships---exemplifiedintheprovincialsocietyabouther.ItseemstobetheresultofJaneAusten’sconsciousdecisiontolimitherselftowhatsheknewintimately,andnottheresultofanyabnormallynarrowunderstandingorlakeofinterestsintheoutsideworld.

Incommentingonthenarrownessofherliteraryworldandvision,somecriticswonderifnovelsofsuchsmallscopecantrulyreflectthehumancondition.However,JaneAustentalentsareuniquelysuitedtohersubject.Althoughshechoosesashersubjectthepeoplesheknowsbest,sheilluminatesintheircharactersthefolliesandfailingsofmenandwomenofalltimesandclasses.ThoughthedomainofJaneAusten’snovelswascircumscribedasherlife,hercausticwitandkeenobservationmadehertheequalofthegreatestnovelistsinanylanguage.

1.2.ABriefIntroductiontoEmma—theBook

EmmaistheclimaxofJaneAusten’sgeniusandtheParthenonoffiction.Itis“Thehappiestiflovestories,themostfiendishlydifficultofdetectivestoriesandamatchlessrepositoryofEnglishwit”.ThuscommentsRonaldBlythe—criticandwriter,editorofEmma.Emmaisasocialsnob,over-sureofherownjudgment,andsohasapropensityformatchmaking.TheextentofEmma’sself-delusionisnowheremoreapparentthaninherovervaluationofHarrietSmith.HarrietengagesEmma’sattentionbecausesheisaverycommonsortofgirlwhocanbeeasilypatronized:

‘ShewasnotstruckbyanythingreasonablycleverinMissSmith’sconversation,butshefoundher…sopleasantlygrateful…andsoartlesslyimpressed…thatshemusthavegoodsenseanddeserveencouragement’（P53）.AswearetoldinChapterIV,HarrietisusefulasacompanionandasasoundingboardforEmma’sreflections.ThereforeitisquiteobviousthatEmmatakeskindlyonlytothesesocialinferiorswhoarewillingtobepatronizedbyher.Asaresult,Harriet’sexpectationbecomesraisedtosuchaheightastoleadhertoturndownRobertMartin’sproposalofmarriageandsethercapforMr.Elton.EmmathusdestroysthesturdyindependenceoftheMartinfamily.ButEmmaisshockedtodiscoverthatMr.EltonisinterestedinherselfratherthaninHarriet.Consequently,Emmadoesn’tdrawanylessonsfromthismistake.Then,shesupposeswronglyagainthatFrankChurchillisinlovewithHarriet.WhentheengagementofFrankwithJaneFairfaxreachesherears,hersanotherattemptofhelptoHarrietisinvain.Inaddition,whenHarrietshowsthatitisMr.Knightlythatsheloves,Emmarealizestillnowhowmuchofherhappinessdependson‘beingfirstwithMr.Knightly,firstininterestandaffection’（P404）.Butnowshewasthreatenedwiththelossofit.Eventually,thisfinalshockawakensEmmaandmakeshertobedeterminedtocorrectherownerrors.

Inthebook,JaneAustenshowsclearlytheheroine’sdelusionsandhergradualenlightenment,herselfishness,andhowshelearnstocopewithitwiththesuitableguideofMr.Knightly.SowecansaythatamoredescriptivetitleforEmmamightbe‘TheeducationofEmmaWoodhouse’,whichwillprovidetheprocessofhowtheheroinegrowsfromself-delusionintomaturity.

Emma,likeJaneAusten’sothernovels,dealswiththesubjectofyoungladiesfindingproperhusband.OnthesurfacethisiswhatthestorylineofEmmaisabout.Butthetotalsubjectmatterofthebookconcernsmuchmorethanthat.Thethemeisman’sabsurdities—notthehigh-mindedandexceptionalabsurditiesoftragedyorthegrimonesofSwifteansatire,butthosecommon,frequent,andmorelaughableonesofsociety,itscodeofmanners,anditsfabricatedengagementofman’stime,thoughtandenergy.BeneathAusten’ssatiriccomedyisamoralisticrealism.Bypicturingtherealincongruitiesofsocialmatters,sheimplieswhatmayberight:

theidealbalancebetweencommonsenseandgoodness,betweenrationalityandimaginationoremoti