On The English Loan Words in French since the 18th Century终稿.docx

On The English Loan Words in French since the 18th Century终稿.docx

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OnTheEnglishLoanWordsinFrenchsincethe18thCentury终稿

十八世纪始法语中的英语借词研究

作者李波指导教师王卫平

摘要

词汇学，作为语言学的一个分支，起着越来越重要的作用。

美国著名的语言学家萨丕尔（1985）曾经说过，几乎所有的语言都不能“自给自足”。

文化的接触必然导致语言的接触。

语言接触的过程中必然产生相互融合，相互借用，相互丰富的结果。

对于每一种语言来说，相对稳固的部分是语法，而最活跃的部分是词汇。

因此，语言接触中最易受影响的也是词汇。

法语在其发展过程中就曾向拉丁，希腊，意大利，西班牙等语种借入了大量词语。

法语和英语由于历史上长期接触，形成“你中有我，我中有你”的结果。

但是，两种语言接触时，相互影响和相互渗透从来都不是平等的，总有一种语言处于优势，而另一种语言处于劣势。

长期以来，英语和法语互相影响，不断从对方假借和吸收词汇，以丰富本语语言。

英法之间在相互借词方面在18世纪以前都是法语占据主导地位，但18世纪后的一个多世纪以来，英法借词的天平发生了变化:

法语由以借出为主变为以借入为主。

目前，随着世界通用语英语在全球的广泛使用，它对法语的影响仍然在不断增强。

而造成这中局面的

本文主要从社会语言学和词汇学角度研究英，法两种语言之间的借用的历史和所依附的社会背景以及一般借用方式和法语教学中的英语借词。

本文共六章，各章节内容如下：

第一章绪论陈述了本文的研究背景和选题意义，并指出了研究将带来的益处：

使法语学习变得容易，帮助法语学习中扩大词汇量，提高阅读速度和技能，同时回顾以往法语中英语借词的研究，指出本文结构以便阅读。

第二章法语中英语借词的历史，首先阐述了“借词”和“借入”的概念，并从法语中的英语借词和英语中的其它借词来论述法语介词的历史，列举其向拉丁，希腊，意大利，阿拉伯，西班牙，德国等语言的借词，并指出了法语借入词的三个高峰。

第三章谈及英国和美国对法语借入英语的影响，从不同的时期，英国和美国在政治经济地位上的转变与其对法语借入英语的影响得出社会因素特别是经济因素是影响语言发展的重要因素。

同时对比了英语和法语在历史上各个时期的交流，分析了其中影响语言交流的原因。

第四章讲了三种借词的途径，从直接借词，语义借词和构词三种方法进行了阐述。

让人更加清楚法语借入英语的过程与方法也便于法语学习者在学习过程中能够更好地掌握法语词汇第五章讲了法语教学中的英语借词，以及政府对它的态度，并且阐述了其必要性和其在法语词汇教学中的作用。

第六章对文章做出了,总结包含了研究的意义与不足并做出建议。

关键词：

英语法语借词

OnTheEnglishLoanWordsinFrenchsincethe18thCentury

LiBo

Abstract

Lexicology,asabranchoflinguistics,isplayingamoreandmoreimportantrole.Sapir（1985）,afamousAmericanlinguisthaseversaid“almostallthelanguagescannotbeself-sufficient.”Theculturalcontactwillinevitablyleadtothelanguagecontact,andtheprocessoflanguagecontactmusthavethiskindofeffectofmutualintegration,borrowingandenrichment.Foreachlanguage,therelativelystablepartisgrammar,whilethemostactivepartisvocabulary.Therefore,themostsusceptiblepartoflanguagecontactisalsovocabulary.FrenchandEnglish,thetwolanguagescontactwitheachotherveryofteninthelong-termhistoryandasaresultofthat,theyareofmutualpenetration.However,ithasneverbeenequalwhentwodifferentlanguagescontactwitheachother,mutuallyinteractandpenetrate.It’salwaysthatonelanguageoccupiesadominantpositionandtheotherforcedtobeinferior.

EnglishandFrenchhavebeeninfluencingeachotherintermsoftheirmutualwordborrowingandenrichmentoverhistory.Foralongtime,EnglishandFrenchhaveinfluencedeachotherconstantlythroughmutuallyborrowingwordandenrichingtheirownvocabularyoverhistory.BetweenFrenchandEnglish,Frenchweredominantintheprocessofmutualwordborrowinginthe18thcenturyandbefore,butfromthenon,thesituationgraduallychanged.Atpresent,Englishasalinguafrancaallovertheworld,itsinfluenceonFrenchisstillontherise.

Thispaperfocusesonthehistory,socialbackgroundforwordborrowingbyFrenchfromEnglish,generalmethodsofwordborrowingbyFrenchfromEnglish,andthelearningandteachingofEnglishloanwordsinFrenchfromthepointoflexicology.Thepaperisdividedintosixparts:

Firstistheintroduction,thispartsetsoutthebackgroundandthesignificanceofthisstudy,andnotedthattheresearchwillhelpfulforFrenchlearnerstoenlargetheirFrenchvocabularybyuseoftheEnglishvocabularythattheyhavemastered,improvetheirreadingskillandbemoreinterestedinFrenchlearning,meanwhilereviewthestudyhasbeendonebyotherandrelatedtheoryandshowthestructureofthispapertohelpreaderreaditeasier.Thesecondpart-theHistoryofEnglishloanwordsinFrenchillustratesthedefinitionof"loanword"andborrowinganddiscustheborrowinghistoryformEnglishandotherlanguagesandshowsomeexampleofFrenchimportedwordsfromotherlanguagesandpointsoutthethreeclimaxofFrenchborrowingforeignwords.ThethirdpartisaboutthecommunicationbetweenFrenchandEnglishinthehistoryandtheinfluencesfromEnglandandAmericaindiffrenttimeswhenAmericaandEnglandshiftintheirnationalpowerandindicatesthateconomicyisakeyfactorinflunecelanguagedevelopment.ThefourthpartjustshowusthreemethodsofborrowingandillustratefromDirectborrowing,SemantictranslationandWordformation.ThiswillmakeuscleartotheprocessandmethodsofwordborrowingandfacilatetheFrenchlearning.ThefivepartdiscussestheEnglishloanwordsinFrenchteachingandthegovernment'sattitudetoitandemphasisitsnecessityanditssignificanceinFrenchlearningandteaching.Thelastpartjustconcludesandgiveussomesuggestions,forexample,takingadvantageofEnglishtolearnFrench.

Keywords:

EnglishFrenchloanword

Contents

1.Introduction

1.1Significanceofthestudy

1.2Literaturereview

1.3Structureofthethesis

2.HistoryofFrenchloanwordsfromEnglish

2.1DefinitionofLoanWordsandborrowing

2.2LoanWordsfromotherlanguages

2.3LoanWordsfromEnglish

3.CausesforloanwordsinFrench

3.1InfluencesfromEngland

3.2InfluencesfromAmerica

3.3CommunicationbetweenFrenchandEnglishinhistory

4.Methodsofborrowing

4.1Directborrowing

4.2Semantictranslation

4.3Wordformation

5.EnglishloanwordsinFrenchlanguageteaching

5.1AttitudeofFrenchgovernment

5.2InevitableuseofEnglishwordsinFrench

5.3EnglishloanwordsinteachingFrenchvocabulary

6.Suggestionsandconclusion

Bibliography

AppendixⅠ

1.Introduction

1.1Significanceofthestudy

AccordingtotherecentstudydonebyFrenchlinguistHenrietteWalterinhisbookL’Aventuredesmotsfrançaisvenusd’ailleurs,“Amongthe60,000wordsinFrenchvocabulary8,600areloanwords.Ifthenumberofwordsiscutin35,000,thenthereare4,200loanwords,25%ofwhichcomefromEnglish.”TheloanwordsHenrietteWaltermentionedaboveareonlythoseacceptedformallyintheFrenchlexicon,buttheloanwordsheardandseeninreality,especiallythosecomingfromBritishandAmericanEnglish,arefarmorethanthosementioned（Fang2006:

135）.　

Atpresent,anincreasingnumberofEnglishlearnersaretakingFrenchastheirsecondforeignlanguage.However,duetothesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenEnglishandFrench,theEnglishknowledgetheyhavelearnedwillinevitablyexertbothpositiveandnegativeinfluencesontheirFrenchlearninginwhichvocabularyplaysasignificantrole.ThevalueofthestudyisvividlyindicatedinthefollowingremarkbyWallace（1982:

9;citedinZhang2004:

preface）,“…thereisasenseinwhichlearningaforeignlanguageisbasicallyamatteroflearningthevocabularyofthatlanguage.Notbeingabletofindthewordsyouneedtoexpressyourselfisthemostfrustratingexperienceinspeakinganotherlanguage”.Justasabuildingcannotbeconstructedwithoutthebuildingmaterials,nolanguageisconceivablewithoutvocabulary.Asvocabularyplayssuchanimportantroleinlanguage,itisimportanttohavesomeknowledgeofit.

AsEnglishandFrenchhaveinfluencedeachotherintermsoftheirmutualwordborrowingandenrichmentoverhistory,EnglishloansplayaveryimportantroleinFrench.Moreover,lexicology,abranchoflinguisticsconcernedwiththevocabularyofthelanguagewithrespecttowordsandwordequivalents（anidiomorasetphrase）,isbecomingevenmoreimportantthaninthepast.ThispaperfocusesonthesocialbackgroundsandgeneralmethodsofEnglishloansinFrenchinanattempttofacilitatethelearningofFrenchlanguage.Hopefully,theEnglishlearnerswhotakeFrenchastheirsecondforeignlanguagecantakeadvantageofEnglishvocabularytoenlargetheirFrenchvocabularyandimprovetheirreadingspeedandskills.

1.2Literaturereview

1.2.1Lexicology

Lexicologyisthepartoflinguisticswhichstudieswords,theirnatureandmeaning,words'elements,relationsbetweenwords（semanticalrelations）,wordgroupsandthewholelexicon.

Thetermfirstappearedinthe1820s,thoughtherewerelexicologistsinessencebeforethetermwascoined.Computationallexicologyasarelatedfield（inthesamewaythatcomputationallinguisticsisrelatedtolinguistics）dealswiththecomputationalstudyofdictionariesandtheircontents.Analliedsciencetolexicologyislexicography,whichalsostudieswordsinrelationwithdictionaries–itisactuallyconcernedwiththeinclusionofwordsindictionariesandfromthatperspectivewiththewholelexicon.Thereforelexicographyisthetheoryandpracticeofcomposingdictionaries.Sometimeslexicographyisconsideredtobeapartorabranchoflexicology,butthetwodisciplinesshouldnotbemistaken:

onlylexicologistswhodowritedictionariesarelexicographers.Itissaidthatlexicographyisthepracticallexicology,itispracticallyorientedthoughithasitsowntheory,whilethepurelexicologyismainlytheoretical.（2011）

InFrench,lexicologyas“anewscience”occurredinthe1960s.Sincethen,thissciencehasfulfilledgreatachievementsinFrance,andtherearealargenumberofworksaboutvocabularyinFrench（Cheng2002:

9）.Alsotherearesomeworksonit,amongthoseworks,theresearchestheauthorshavedonearesuperficialandlackofsupportingandguidingtheories.Thatis,thosepapersaresimplytheaccumulationsofsomeEnglishloansinFrenchincertainfields,butfewsuggestionsaregiventothelearningofEnglishloansinFrench,thoughtheyhavecoveredthesocialbackgrounds,thecausesandtheusesofEnglishloansinFrench.

Word,LexicalItem,VocabularyWord

Itisquitedifficulttostatethecriteriabywhichawordcanbedefined;sofarnocompletelysatisfactorydefinitionhasbeengiven.

Inbrief,awordmaybedefinedasafundamentalunitofspeechandminimumfreeform;withaunityofsoundandmeaning（bothlexicalandgrammaticalmeaning）,capableofperformingagivensyntacticfunction.Therefore,fromthelexicologicalpointofview,awordisacombinationofform（phonological）andmeaning（lex