考研英语一试题及答案 注释.docx
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考研英语一试题及答案注释
2016年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语
(一)试题
SectionIUseofEnglish
Directions:
Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)
InCambodia,thechoiceofaspouseisacomplexonefortheyoungmale.Itmayinvolvenotonlyhisparentsandhisfriends,1thoseoftheyoungwoman,butalsoamatchmaker.Ayoungmancan2alikelyspouseonhisownandthenaskhisparentsto3themarriagenegotiations,ortheyoungman’sparentsmaymakethechoiceofaspouse,givingthechildlittletosayintheselection.4,agirlmayvetothespouseherparentshavechosen.5aspousehasbeenselected,eachfamilyinvestigatestheothertomakesureitschildismarrying6agoodfamily.
Thetraditionalweddingisalongandcolorfulaffair.Formerlyitlastedthreedays,7bythe1980sitmorecommonlylastedadayandahalf.Buddhistpriestsofferashortsermonand8prayersofblessing.Partsoftheceremonyinvolveritualhaircutting,9cottonthreadssoakedinholywateraroundthebride’sandgroom’swrists,and10acandlearoundacircleofhappilymarriedandrespectedcouplestoblessthe11.Newlywedstraditionallymoveinwiththewife’sparentsandmay12withthemuptoayear,13theycanbuildanewhousenearby.
Divorceislegalandeasyto14,butnotcommon.Divorcedpersonsare15withsomedisapproval.Eachspouseretains16propertyheorshe17intothemarriage,andjointly-acquiredpropertyis18equally.Divorcedpersonsmayremarry,butagenderprejudice19up:
Thedivorcedmaledoesn’thaveawaitingperiodbeforehecanremarry20thewomanmustwaittenmonths.
1.[A]bywayof[B]onbehalfof[C]aswellas[D]withregardto
2.[A]adaptto[B]providefor[C]competewith[D]decideon
3.[A]close[B]renew[C]arrange[D]postpone
4.[A]Aboveall[B]Intheory[C]Intime[D]Forexample
5.[A]Although[B]Lest[C]After[D]Unless
6.[A]into[B]within[C]from[D]through
7.[A]since[B]but[C]or[D]so
8.[A]copy[B]test[C]recite[D]create
9.[A]folding[B]piling[C]wrapping[D]tying
10.[A]passing[B]lighting[C]hiding[D]serving
11.[A]meeting[B]collection[C]association[D]union
12.[A]grow[B]part[C]deal[D]live
13.[A]whereas[B]until[C]if[D]for
14.[A]obtain[B]follow[C]challenge[D]avoid
15.[A]isolated[B]persuaded[C]viewed[D]exposed
16.[A]whatever[B]however[C]whenever[D]wherever
17.[A]changed[B]brought[C]shaped[D]pushed
18.[A]withdrawn[B]invested[C]donated[D]divided
19.[A]breaks[B]warms[C]shows[D]clears
20.[A]sothat[B]while[C]once[D]inthat
SectionIIReadingComprehension
PartA
Directions:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)
Text1
France,whichpridesitselfastheglobalinnovatoroffashion,hasdecideditsfashionindustryhaslostanabsoluterighttodefinephysicalbeautyforwomen.Itslawmakersgavepreliminaryapprovallastweektoalawthatwouldmakeitacrimetoemployultra-thinmodelsonrunways.
Theparliamentalsoagreedtobanwebsitesthat“inciteexcessivethinness”bypromotingextremedieting.
Suchmeasureshaveacoupleofupliftingmotives.Theysuggestbeautyshouldnotbedefinedbylooksthatendupimpingingonhealth.That’sastart.Andthebanonultra-thinmodelsseemstogobeyondprotectingmodelsfromstarvingthemselvestodeath—assomehavedone.Ittellsthefashionindustrythatitmusttakeresponsibilityforthesignalitsendswomen,especiallyteenagegirls,aboutthesocialtape-measuretheymustusetodeterminetheirindividualworth.
Thebans,iffullyenforced,wouldsuggesttowomen(andmanymen)thattheyshouldnotletothersbearbitersoftheirbeauty.Andperhapsfaintly,theyhintthatpeopleshouldlooktointangiblequalitieslikecharacterandintellectratherthandietingtheirwaytosizezeroorwasp-waistphysiques.
TheFrenchmeasures(措施),however,relytoomuchonseverepunishmenttochangeaculturethatstillregardsbeautyasskin-deep—andbone-showing.Underthelaw,usingafashionmodelthatdoesnotmeetagovernment-definedindexofbodymasscouldresultina$85,000fine(罚款)andsixmonthsinprison.
Thefashionindustryknowsithasaninherentprobleminfocusingonmaterialadornmentandidealizedbodytypes(类型).InDenmark,theUnitedStates,andafewothercountries,itistryingtosetvoluntarystandardsformodelsandfashionimagesthatrelymoreonpeerpressureforenforcement.
IncontrasttoFrance’sactions,Denmark’sfashionindustryagreedlastmonthonrulesandsanctions(制裁,约束力)regardingtheage,health,andothercharacteristicsofmodels.Thenewlyrevised(修订,修正)DanishFashionEthical(伦理的,道德的)Charterclearlystates:
“Weareawareofandtakeresponsibilityfortheimpactthefashionindustryhasonbodyideals,especiallyonyoungpeople.”Thecharter’smaintoolofenforcementistodenyaccessfordesignersandmodelingagenciestoCopenhagenFashionWeek,whichisrunbytheDanishFashionInstitute.Butingeneralitreliesonaname-and-shamemethodofcompliance.
Relyingonethicalpersuasionratherthanlawtoaddressthemisuseofbodyidealsmaybethebeststep.Evenbetterwouldbetohelpelevatenotionsofbeautybeyondthematerialstandardsofaparticularindustry.
21.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,whatwouldhappeninFrance?
[A]Physicalbeautywouldberedefined.
[B]Newrunwayswouldbeconstructed.
[C]Websitesaboutdietingwouldthrive.
[D]Thefashionindustrywoulddecline.
22.Thephrase“impingingon”(Line2,Para2)isclosestinmeaningto
[A]heighteningthevalueof. [B]indicatingthestateof
Text2
Forthefirsttimeinhistorymorepeopleliveintownsthaninthecountry.InBritainthishashadacuriousresult.WhilepollsshowBritonsrate“thecountryside”alongsidetheroyalfamily,ShakespeareandtheNationalHealthService(NHS)aswhatmakesthemproudestoftheircountry,thishaslimitedpoliticalsupport.
AcenturyagoOctaviaHilllaunchedtheNationalTrustnottorescuestylishhousesbuttosave“thebeautyofnaturalplacesforeveryoneforever.”Itwasspecificallytoprovidecitydwellerswithspacesforleisurewheretheycouldexperience“arefreshingair.”Hill’spressurelaterledtothecreationofnationalparksandgreenbelts.Theydon’tmakecountrysideanymore,andeveryyearconcreteconsumesmoreofit.Itneedsconstantguardianship.
Atthenextelectionnoneofthebigpartiesseemlikelytoendorsethissentiment.TheConservatives’planningreformexplicitlygivesruraldevelopmentpriorityoverconservation,evenauthorizing“off-plan”buildingwherelocalpeoplemightobject.Theconceptofsustainabledevelopmenthasbeendefinedasprofitable.Labourlikewisewantstodiscontinuelocalplanningwherecouncilsopposedevelopment.TheLiberalDemocratsaresilent.OnlyUkip,sensingitschance,hassidedwiththosepleadingforamoreconsideredapproachtousinggreenland.ItsCampaigntoProtectRuralEnglandstruckterrorintomanylocalConsecutiveparties.
Thesensibleplacetobuildnewhouses,factoriesandofficesiswherepeopleare,incitiesandtownswhereinfrastructureisinplace.TheLondonagentsStirlingAckroydrecentlyidentifiedenoughsitesforhalfamillionhousesintheLondonarealone,withnointrusionongreenbet.WhatistrueofLondoniseventrueroftheprovinces.
Theideathat“housingcrisis”equals“concretedmeadows”ispurelobbytalk.Theissueisnottheneedformorehousesbut,asalways,wheretoputthem.Underlobbypressure,GeorgeOsbornefavoursruralnew-buildagainsturbanrenovationandrenewal.Hefavoursout-of-townshoppingsitesagainsthighstreets.Thisisnotafreemarketbutabiasedone.Ruraltownsandvillageshavegrownandwillalwaysgrow.Theydosobestwherebuildingstickstotheiredgesandrespectstheircharacter.Wedonotruinurbanconservationareas.Whyruinruralones?
Developmentshouldbeplanned,notletrip.AftertheNetherlands,BritainisEurope’smostcrowdedcountry.Halfacenturyoftownandcountryplanninghasenabledittoretainanenviableruralcoherence,whilestillpermittinglow-densityurbanliving.Thereisnodoubtofthealternative—thecorruptedlandscapesofsouthernPortugal,SpainorIreland.Avoidingthisratherthanpromotingitshouldunitetheleftandrightofthepoliticalspectrum.
Text3
“Thereisoneandonlyonesocialresponsibilityofbusinesses,”WroteMiltonFriedman,aNobelprize-winningeconomist,“Thatis,touseitsresourcesandengageinactivitiesdesignedtoincreaseitsprofit”.ButevenifyouacceptFiredman’spremiseandregardcorporatesocialresponsibility(CSR)policiesaswasteofshareholders’money,thingsmaynotbeabsolutelyclear-cut.NewresearchsuggesttheCSRmaycreatemonetaryvalueforcompanies-atleastwhentheyareprosecutedforcorruption.
ThelargestfirmsinAmericaandBritaintogetherspendmorethan$15billionayearonCSR,accordingtoanestimatebyEPG,aconsultingfirm.Thiscouldaddvaluetotheirbusinessesinthreeways.First,consumersmaytakeCSRspendingasa“signal”thatacompany’sproductsareofhighquality.Second,customersmaybewillingtobuyacompany’sproductsasanindirectwaytodonatetothegoodcausesithelps.Andthird,throughamorediffuse“haloeffect,”wherebyitsgooddeedsearnitgreaterconsiderationfromconsumersandothers.
PreviousstudiesonCSRhavehadtroubledifferentiatingtheseeffectsbecauseconsumerscanbeaffectedbyallthree.ArecentstudyattemptstoseparatethembylookingatbriberyprosecutionsunderAmerica’sForeignCorr