采矿英语1.docx

采矿英语1.docx

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采矿英语1

ⅠMultiplechoice.单项选择（20*1）

1.Surfaceminingwastheearliestmethodofextractingcoal.

2.Longwallminingconsistsofdrivingoneormoregatesorentriesapproximately91to182mapart.

3.Evenasmallamountofwaterinlowcoalcancauseminerdiscomfortandresultinreducedproductivity.

4.Thatthecoalhasformedfromaccumulationsofplantmaterialhasbeenwellestablished.

5.Factorsmustbeinvestigatedincludenotonlythequalityandquantityofthecoalbutthegeologic,hydrologic,andengineeringcharacteristicsoftheseamanditssurroundingstrata.

6.Unsafepracticesstemfrommanysources,allofwhichmustbeeliminatedifaccidentsaretobeprevented.

7.Theyarebelievedtobelocalconcentrationsofalgalorfungalmaterial.

8.Itisimportantthatgravitybeusedasmuchaspossibletominimizethepowerrequiredtotransportthewater.

9.Roofcontrolisanever-endingtaskalonghaulwaysandairwaysthatmustbemaintainedforthelifeofthemine.

10.Theleaddrumwillminealmosttwo-thirdsofthecoal,clearancemustbeprovidedunderthemachineforthecoaltopassbyontheconveyer.

11.ThefirststeamenginewasinventedbyJamesWattin1775.

12.Ifthematerialblindsononescreen,itmustblindonmorescreens.

13.Recordsoftrainingreceivedbyeachemployeearerequiredbyfederallawandarealsonecessarysothatmanagementcancomplywiththelawwhenmakingworkassignmentstoemployees.

14.LongwallminingwasusedhereandthereintheUSuntilabout1910.

15.Rockdiffersfrommostotherengineeringmaterialsinthatitcontainsfracturesofonetypeoranotherwhichrenderitsstructurediscontinuous.

16.Heavyrainfallscancauseseriousdamagetoequipmentandcompletelyparalyzeoperations.

17.Sufficientunitshiftsmustbeworkedtoassurethatproductiongoalsarefulfilled.

18.However,itissosmallthatitisignoredinthecalculations.

19.Asthecoalisremovedfromtheseam,thefaceisusuallyadvancedbyeitherconventionalminingorcontinuousminingmethods.

20.Inthelate1970s,menwereemployedforminehaulage,andhumanpowergavewayprogressivelytodogs,horsesandfinallymechanizedpower.

21.Thereareseveralbasictypesofsupportsavailabletoday.

22.StudiesconductedatThePennsylvaniaStateUniversityhaveshownthatcontinuousminingmachineshavemotorslargerthantheyneedwhencuttingcoalonly,butnotwhenminingtopandbottom.

23.Thefirstuseofdiesel-poweredequipmentinundergroundminesinGermanyisbelievedtohavebeenin1939.

24.Fallsofroofaccountforover50%ofthefatalitiesthatoccurincoalminesintheUS.

25.Usually,apairofshuttlecarsisemployed;onecarisinapositionforloadingwhiletheotheristraveling.

26.Ofcourse,inbythefirstworkingsection,thisvaluewoulddecreaseprogressively,sectionbysection.

27.Sulfurdioxideemissionstandards,ontheotherhand,arenearlyallupgradedbywashing.

28.Becausetheairquantitynecessaryisdeterminedbyfacerequirements,itcanbeachievedonlybyprovidingsuitableareaofairways.

29.Noopenflameispermittedinanyundergroundcoalminearea.

30.Forthisreason,itiscommontoseetwoboltersonaconventionalsection.

31.Generallytwoshuttlecarstravellingonseparateroutesforchangeoutareusedtospeeduptheloading.

32.Pressuresinducedvarydirectlyasfanspeedsquared,anddirectlyasdensity.

33.Thedieselenginewasinventedin1882,butitspracticalapplicationwasnotdemonstrateduntil1897.

34.Theretreatingsystemcallsforlittleornoneoftheexpenditureusuallyinvolvedinmaintainingroadsthroughthegoaf.

35.Thisisanareathathasbeenbadlyneglected.

36.Whitingsystem,designedtoovercomethedisadvantagesoftheKoepesystem,hastwo3to5-grooveddrivingsheaves.

37.Theaccidentpreventionfundamentalsapplytoallindustries.

38.Anumberofmanufacturersareproducingvariouscomponentsforacompletetelemeteringsystem.

39.Lightingofminesisanareathathasbeenbadlyneglected.

40.Inthepeatswampinwhichvegetablematerialaccumulated,streamsperiodicallyoverflowedtheirbanks.

41.Itisobviousthattheaccumulationofmuchtechnologicalinformationisapreludetoasoundeconomicevaluation.

42.Pollutionofsurfaceandundergroundwaters,whichhasbeengoingonmuchlonger,alsoisbecomingincreasinglyserious.

43.Unsafepracticesarejustasimportantasunsafeconditions.

44.Onlyafterthishasbeendonecanthecostofproducingcoalbeforecastwithanyaccuracy.

45.Withtheoptimumdesign,coalfragmentsafterblastingareneithertoobignortoosmall.

46.Oneofthemajorconcernsforlongwallminingistheextentofsurfacesubsidenceanditsinducedsurfacestructuraldamages.

47.Thesingleentrywouldsoonbecomeofsuchlengthandconfinementthatservicescouldnotbereadilysupplied.

48.Eachtechniquehasitsdefendersaswellasitsoutspokencritics.

49.Insomemines,thedrainageisexcellentandwatercausesfewproblems;inothers,lackofdrainageresultsinsevereinundations.

50.Theefficiencydependsonthechoiceofexplosives,thefiringmeansandsoon.

51.Theresistanceofthemineisa（n）matteroflayoutandmaintenanceoftheventilatingnetwork,andiscontrolledbythemineoperator.

52.Mapsdrawntoshowtheentireminingpropertymaybeplottedtoaverysmallscale.

53.Anotherdisadvantageisthatitisnotsoflexibleasmechanizedboardandpillarandthelongwalladvancingmethods.

54.Itisinterestingtonotethatsuchancompletemonitoringpackageisbeingconsideredbyatleastonecoalminingcompanyforoneofitsnewmines.

55.Thelongertheacid-formingmaterialsareexposedtotheatmosphere,thegreatertheamountofacidthatwillbeformed.

56.Usually,apairofshuttlecarsisemployed;onecarisinapositionforloadingwhiletheotheristraveling.

57.Allcoalscontaincombustiblemineral,anditsoriginisapartoftheproblemoftheoriginofcoal.

58.Practicallyeverypieceofequipmentinanundergroundcoalminetodayoperateselectrically,whetherfrombatteriesorfromthemineelectricaldistributionsystem.

59.Itmaybeeasiertokeepthetubingclosertothefacethanitiswithalinebrattice.

60.Theymaybefromafractionofaninchtoseveralfeetwideandusuallyextendlaterallyformanyfeettohundredsoffeet.

ⅡFillintheblanks.填空（10*1）

1.Themajorityofmodernminefansaretheaxial-flowtype.

2.Europeancoalminingindustryisdominatedbyshaftmines.

3.Theselectionofaportablesiteinvolvesnumerousfactors,suchasmethodofaccess,methodofventilation,typeofhaulagesystem,andexpectedlifeofthemine.

4.Driftingoperationsdifferfromtunneloperationsbecauseofthesmallersize,theuseandthetemporarynatureofthedriftcomparedtothetunnel.

5.Therearetwobroadtypesofroofasfarassupportconcerned.Theyareimmediateroofandmainroof.

6.Indeterminationsofrankofcoal,mineralmatterisexcludedfromtheanalysisasitinnowayreflectsthedegreeofmetamorphismofthecoal.

7.Thetypeofplanningthatprovidesforthecontinuedoperationofthemineoveralongperiodoftimeiscalledlong-rangeplanning;andthetypethatprovidesthedetailthatisnecessaryfortheoperationonaday-by-daybasisiscalledshort-rangeplanning.

8.Theabutmentpressureoccurringinsolidcoalinfrontofthelongwallfaceiscalledfrontabutment;andtherearabutmentislocatedinthegobareabridgingbetweentheheadentryandtailentry.

9.Thelongwallsystemconsistsofacombinationofthreebasicequipments.Theyareasupportsystem,acoalminingmachineandahaulagesystem.

10.Mostcoalminefiresresultfromelectricalfailures.

11.Thecarboncontentofcoalsuppliesmostofitsheatingvalue.

12.Coalmininginvolvesbothbasicunitoperationsintheproductionandhandlingofcoalandauxiliaryoperationsofaservicematurethatareessentialbutdonotdirectlycontributetotheoutputofcoal.

13.Thelongwallcanbeminedeitheronadvanceoronretreat.

14.Tominimizetheproblemsassociatedwithaninfluxofunwantedwaterintoundergroundmines;afour-stepprocessofcontrolissuggested:

prevention,collection,transportation,anddisposal.

15.Thehighestrankofcoalismeta-anthracite.

16.Theamountofairflowinducedinaminewilldependonfancharacteristicandmineresistance.

17.Peopleworkingundergroundmustuseonlyelectriclampspermissibleunderfederalandstatelaws,andnoopenflameispermittedinanyundergroundcoalminearea.

18.Unbalancedhoistingisthesimplestformofhoist,andisusedforprospecting,handlingmenandsupplies,andformineswithsmalloutputs.

19.Unlesstheairisproperlydistributedtotheface,themineventilationsystemisnotperformingitsprimaryfunction.

20.Theratiooftheweightofacubicfootofthesolidtotheweightofacubicfootofwateriscalledthespecificgravity.

21.Themethodoflocatingsubjects,lines,orareasinrelationtoareferencepointorlineiscalledsurveying.

22.Onemajorcauseofunsafepracticesislackofknowledgeorskill.

23.Oneofthekeystoestablishingvegetationaftersurfacemininginthearidandsemiaridwesternstatesisproperregradingtechniques.

24.Theintensityofdamagetothesurfacestructuresdependsnotonlyonthecharacteristicsbutalsotheamountofthedeformation.

25.Facehaulageisdonebyvarioustransportationdevices,butthemostcommonmethodistouseshuttlecars.

26.Thethicknessoftheoverburdenresultsinveryhighgroundpressure.

27.Thegeneralfanlawsarethesameforeitheraxial-floworcentrifugalfans.Theonlydifferencesareinthe