高考英语语法精要讲解.docx
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高考英语语法精要讲解
1、名词
2、2、名词的数和单位词:
1)复型名词+复数动词
Thetrousersaretoobigforme.Pleaseshowmethesmallerpair.
备用词:
shoes,stockings,glasses,socks
NOTICE:
Apairofglassescostsquitealot.
2)复型名词+单数动词
A.ThenewsonTVisseldomsatisfying.
备用词:
mathematics,physics,politics,means,works,theUnitedStates
B.Twentymilesisalongwaytowalk.
备用词:
fivepounds,twofeet,sixweeks
3)集合名词+复数名词
Thepolicehavesurroundedthebuilding.
Cattlearesellingforrecordprice(创记录).
备用词:
theenemy,(the)people
NOTICE:
表示由若干人组成的集合体的单数词常可作复数用,
但若把这个集合体看作整体就用作单数:
Myfamilyarewonderful.Theydoalltheycanforme.
Thefamilywhichnowconsistsoffourmembersatmostis
3、计算
+ Sixandfiveis(are)eleven.
Sixhundredplusfortyis(equals)sixhundredandforty.
- Fourfromsevenis(leaves)three.
Sixhundredminusonehundredequalsfivehundred.
X16x11=176
Sixteentimeselevenis(makes)onehundredandseventy-six.
÷9÷3=3
Ninedividedbythreeequalsthree.
4、dozen,score
A.threedozeneggs;threedozenoftheseeggs;dozensofeggs
B.threescoreyears;a(three)scoreofpeople;scoresoftimes
5、小数,分数,百分比引导的短语作主语时的主谓一致问题.
分数和百分数引导的短语作主语,其谓语动词的数应根据分数和百分数后面的名词来确定.如果是可数名词的复数,其谓语动词用复数形式;如果是不可数名词或单数可数名词其谓语动词用单数形式.
Morethan40percentofthestudentswearglasses.
70percentodthefund(资金)wassuppliedbytheGovernment.
6、“一个半...”的表达法.
onepoundandahalf,oneandahalfyears
2、不定冠词
1)成对的名词(此类名词间常有一种自然的联系)
aknifeandfork
2)amost+n.“非常“Thisisamostbeautifulcountry.
3)a(an)与one之区别
A.数字对比用oneItwasonecoffeeweordered,nottwo.
B.对比 Aknifeisnogood. (刀子不行)
Oneknifeisnogood. (一把刀子不行)
C.通用 a(one)million,a(one)quarter
4)a(an)与every之比较:
threetimesayear;twiceeverythreeyears
5)惯用法 A.Whatasurprise!
Whatalovelydress!
quiteanicedayratheragoodidea
suchafunnyexpression
B.toocoldadayHowlovelyadress!
sostrangeapersonasgoodamapas
3、定冠词
1)普通名词组成的专有名词theGreatWalltheSummerPalace
2)江河、海洋、山脉、群岛、海峡、海湾thePacific(Ocean)
3)the+adj.(-ing;-ed)
A.指一类人,谓语用复数
Theoldarebeingtakengoodcareof.
B.指一类事,谓语用单数
Thebeautifulisnotalwaysthesameasthegood.
4)用在radio,piano,telephone,方位、次序、自然现象(rain)、身体
部位前Hehatesthetelephone.
5)被定语从句、介词短语、副词短语、不定式短语等修饰的名词前
Theboywhoyouarelookingfor(inblue,there,standingthere,
dressedinblue)isastudent.
4、零冠词
1)街道、广场、节假日、季节、月份、星期、棋类、球类等
NationalDayNanjingRoad
2)职位充当补语、同位语时
Hewaselectedheadmasteroftheschool.
3)成对出现的成语
arminarm(手挽手),handinhand(手牵手),facetoface,
sidebyside(肩并肩),dayandnight,youngandold,
fromdoortodoor,frommorningtillnight,frombeginningtoend
5、冠词比较
1)gotoschool(hospital,church);inprison(强调用途)
gototheschool,visittheprison(强调建筑物本身)
2)I’llgotherenextFriday.(以说话时间为准)
In1989,hewas28,andthenextyear,hewas29.(以所给时间为准)
3)byair(plane,boat…)inaspaceship(onthebike,onthebus)
4)Openthewindowtoletinfreshair.(泛指)
Theairintheroomisnotfresh.(特指)
5)beattablebeatthetable
6)acupofcoffeeTwocoffees,please.Ilikewhitecoffee.
Thisisaverygoodcoffee.ThecoffeeonthetableisTom’s.
7)Mr.Whiteiswaitingtoseeyou.AMr.Whiteiswaitingtoseeyou.
TheMr.Whiteyouarelookingforiswaitingtoseeyou.
8)Ahorseisausefulanimal.Thehorseisausefulanimal.
Horsesareusefulanimals.
9)thebestseasonoftheyearthebesttimeofyear
一、人称代词
1、多个人称代词的排列顺序:
①youandI②heandI③youandhe
④you,heandI⑤you,theyandwe(情况多)
二、指示代词
★that,one,it的区别
①one代替可数名词,表示泛指;theone表示特指;that代替不可数名
词,表示特指;它们都可以代替前面提到的同一类事物;it指前面提到的
同一事物。
●Thereisanoldengineerandayoungonehere.
●Hisattitudetomeisthatofafriend.
●I’velostmypen.Haveyouseenit?
(Haveyoulendmeone?
)
②the/this/that/these/those+adj.+one/ones
I’lltryonafewoftheseshirts.Pleasepassmethatwhiteone.
③theone后面可以接介词短语或定语从句
●Theboyinyourclassistallerthantheoneinourclass.
●Theskirt(that)shemadeherselfismorebeautifultowearthan
theone(that)sheboughtlastyear.
④one不能代替前面提到的不可数名词
Don’tusepowderedmilk.Usethisfreshmilk.(不可用freshone)
⑤those,ones
●Thesemachinesarebetterthanthosewemadelastyear.
●---I’dlikeapoundofapples.
---Whichones?
---Thered(ones).
●---Whydon’twetakealittlebreak?
---Didn’twejusthave?
(NMET2000)
A.itB.thatC.oneD.this(C)
2、名词性物主代词与of结构连用
Thatbrotherofyourslookshealthy.
Heisanoldfriendofmine.
3、下列结构用the代替物主代词
HepulledJackbythehair(arm).
Hewaswoundedintheleg.
Hewasblindintherighteye.
四、反身代词
1、加强语气(可前可后)
Theheadmasterspoketomehimself.
→Theheadmasterhimselfspoketome.
●Tomfeltthathekneweverybody’sbusinessbetter
thantheyknewit.
A.themselvesB.oneselfC.itselfD.himself
(NMET1996)(A)
2、own:
反身代词无所有格形式,用own表达:
I’dlovetohavemyownroom/aroomofmyown.
五、不定代词
1、everyeach
①every指时间:
everyotherday,
everythreedays=everythirdday
②each放在复数主谓语之间:
Weeachhaveabook.
③each放在句尾:
Shegaveherchildrenanappleeach.
2、some-any-every-no-
①作单数看:
Isthereanyoneherewhoisadoctor?
②不与of连用:
不说 someoneof;nooneof.etc
可说someoneof;noneof,etc.
③+adj./todo(vt.):
Isthereanythingformetositon?
④+else:
Thisisn’tmine.It’ssomeoneelse’s.
3、someany
①表示请求、建议的问句用some
Wouldyoulikesome(more)coffee?
②some+n.(singl.)
Youwillrealizeitsomeday.
③any在肯定句中表示任何一个(无论哪个)
Anychildcananswerthat.
Givemeaplate.Anyone(plate)willdo.
④any(some)of+ 限定词 + n.
someoftheoil,anyofmywater
4、bothall
①常用于助动词或情感动词后,但在简答中放在前面
●Thegirlsarebothready.
●---Areyouready?
---Yes,weboth(all)are.
②放在作宾语的宾格代词后面
Hegavesometousall(both).
③all单独用,指人时谓语用用复数;指物时谓语用单数
●Allislost.●Allarehere.
5、eitherneither
①either…or;neither…nor作主语,谓语的使用是邻近原则
NeitherhenorIamgoingtoLondon.
②作定语,修饰单数名词
Neither(Either)bookissatisfactory.
6、another(the)other(the)others
①another 另外的,另一个的
Pleaseshowmeanother(one).
Doyouneedanothercup?
②another+ 基数词(few)+ n.
Ineedanotherthreedays.(threemoredays)
③(the)other(+n.)(the)other
theothersix(persons)/theothers/theotherday
7、(a)few(a)little
①few的搭配
●Wehadagoodfewletterthismorning(很多).
●Notafewletterswerewrittentothemagazines.(不少)
●---Howmanydoyouwant?
---Justafew,please.(不多)
quiteafew(相当多)
onlyafew(只有几个,几乎没有)
②little的搭配
●There’sonlyalittlesoupleft.
●---Howmuchdoyouwant?
---Justalittle,please.
8、muchmany
①(much/far)toomuchfartoomany
Yoursongotmuch(far)toomuchpocketmoney.
Therearefartoomanyaccidentsatthiscrossing.
②much修饰 ●形容词和副词的比较级或最高级
●比较级+不可数名词
There’smuch/farlesswaterintheriverthanusual.
many修饰“比较级+可数名词复数”
Therearemany/farmorepeoplethanIexpected.
9、全部否定与部分否定
①全部否定用词
neithernothingnoonenobodynone
②not与all,both,every,every-连用时表示部分否定
Notallhisworkissuccessful.
形容词、副词、介词
一、形容词
1、多个形容词得排列顺序:
限定词(冠词、物主代词、所有格、序数词)+基数词+描述性形容词
+大小新旧+颜色+产地+物质(材料、用途)+名词
abeautifulnewreddressalittlebrownbox
2、系动词+adj.(除be外的其它连系动词)
Thecakelooksgoodbutittastesawful.
3、subj.+be+adj.+todo(vt.)
Themaniseasytogetalongwith.
Thebedistoosmallforhimtolieon.
4、Itis(was)+adj.+of(for)sb.todosth.
下列形容词后用of:
good,kind,nice,brave,clever,careless,foolish,
silly,stupid,cruel,etc.
其它形容词后用for
5、themoreofthetwo
Heisthestrongerofthetwobrothers.
6、倍数
threetimesasbigas
Thisroomistwicebiggerthanthatone.
threetimesthesizeof
7、比较级和最高级的被修饰
①比较级可以被下列词修饰:
much,far,any,even,still,rather,alittle,
alot,abit,no,byfar
It’snouseaskingme.Idon’tknowanymorethanyou.
②最高级可以被下列词修饰:
much,thevery,byfar
Thiscakeoughttobegood,becauseIusedtheverybestbutter
二、副词
1、程度副词(quite,rather,fairly)
★quite:
不修饰比较级,但:
Heisquitebetter.
●表示程度,和可显示程度的词连用,如:
old,interesting,polite,
tired,etc.
●类似completely(完全地)和absolutely(绝对地),和下列词连用,
如:
perfect,impossible,different,etc. 此时,可修饰adj.,adv.,
v.,等. Thejobisquiteimpossible.
That’snotquitewhatIwant.
★rather:
可与比较级及too连用 ratherolder,rathertoomanypeople
●ratherthan 表示选择,“宁愿(前面)不愿(后面)”
I’dprefertogoinAugustratherthaninJuly.
Idecidedtowriteratherthan(to)telephone.
●orrather 表示“更确切地说“
I’llmeethim,orrather,I’llaskhimtomeetme.
★fairly:
不可与比较级连用,与积极意义的词连用
●强弱程度的顺序:
very→rather→quite→fairly→not
Thisfilmisverygood.(rathergood胜过多数影片;
quitegood值得一看;fairlygood勉强还可以看看)
2、频度副词(often,usually,always,ever,never,seldom,hardly等放在
行为动词前、系动词及助动词后
Heisalwaysmakingajoke.
●never,hardly,seldom等放在句首时,用倒装
NeverhaveIseenanythingsowonderfulasthat.
●简答中频度副词放在助动词及系动词前
---Heislateagain.---Yes,healwaysis.
3、toomuchmuchtoo
●toomuch①+不可数名词,意思“太多”
Idrank(farmuch,alot,alittle,rather)toomuchbeerlastnight.
②作adv.Youworktoomuch.
③作pro.Toomuchwashappeningallatonce.
●muchtoo+adj.“实在太…”
Youaremuchtookindtome.
基本句型
英语的五种基本句型结构:
★主语+不及物动词(SV)
★主语+连系动词(SVC)
★主语+及物动词+宾语(SVO)
★主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语(SVOD)
★主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语(SVOC)
S+V
Heworks.Heisstudying.
①主语 + 谓语(vi.)+状语(从句)
Thesunsetsinthewest.Hewentnowhere
②主语 + 谓语(vi.)+名词短语
Wehadcomealongway.Hewaited(for)twoyears.
2.S+V+C