高考英语语法精要讲解.docx

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高考英语语法精要讲解

1、名词

2、2、名词的数和单位词:

1)复型名词+复数动词

Thetrousersaretoobigforme.Pleaseshowmethesmallerpair.

备用词:

shoes,stockings,glasses,socks

NOTICE:

Apairofglassescostsquitealot.

2)复型名词+单数动词

A.ThenewsonTVisseldomsatisfying.

备用词:

mathematics,physics,politics,means,works,theUnitedStates

B.Twentymilesisalongwaytowalk.

备用词:

fivepounds,twofeet,sixweeks

3)集合名词+复数名词

Thepolicehavesurroundedthebuilding.

Cattlearesellingforrecordprice(创记录).

备用词:

theenemy,(the)people

NOTICE:

表示由若干人组成的集合体的单数词常可作复数用,

但若把这个集合体看作整体就用作单数:

Myfamilyarewonderful.Theydoalltheycanforme.

Thefamilywhichnowconsistsoffourmembersatmostis

3、计算

+ Sixandfiveis(are)eleven.

Sixhundredplusfortyis(equals)sixhundredandforty.

- Fourfromsevenis(leaves)three.

Sixhundredminusonehundredequalsfivehundred.

X16x11=176

Sixteentimeselevenis(makes)onehundredandseventy-six.

÷9÷3=3

Ninedividedbythreeequalsthree.

4、dozen,score

A.threedozeneggs;threedozenoftheseeggs;dozensofeggs

B.threescoreyears;a(three)scoreofpeople;scoresoftimes

5、小数,分数,百分比引导的短语作主语时的主谓一致问题.

分数和百分数引导的短语作主语,其谓语动词的数应根据分数和百分数后面的名词来确定.如果是可数名词的复数,其谓语动词用复数形式;如果是不可数名词或单数可数名词其谓语动词用单数形式.

Morethan40percentofthestudentswearglasses.

70percentodthefund(资金)wassuppliedbytheGovernment.

6、“一个半...”的表达法.  

onepoundandahalf,oneandahalfyears

2、不定冠词

1)成对的名词(此类名词间常有一种自然的联系)

aknifeandfork

2)amost+n.“非常“Thisisamostbeautifulcountry.

3)a(an)与one之区别

A.数字对比用oneItwasonecoffeeweordered,nottwo.

B.对比 Aknifeisnogood. (刀子不行)

      Oneknifeisnogood. (一把刀子不行)

  C.通用 a(one)million,a(one)quarter

4)a(an)与every之比较:

threetimesayear;twiceeverythreeyears

5)惯用法 A.Whatasurprise!

Whatalovelydress!

quiteanicedayratheragoodidea

suchafunnyexpression

B.toocoldadayHowlovelyadress!

sostrangeapersonasgoodamapas

3、定冠词

1)普通名词组成的专有名词theGreatWalltheSummerPalace

2)江河、海洋、山脉、群岛、海峡、海湾thePacific(Ocean)

3)the+adj.(-ing;-ed)

A.指一类人,谓语用复数

Theoldarebeingtakengoodcareof.

B.指一类事,谓语用单数

Thebeautifulisnotalwaysthesameasthegood.

4)用在radio,piano,telephone,方位、次序、自然现象(rain)、身体

部位前Hehatesthetelephone.

5)被定语从句、介词短语、副词短语、不定式短语等修饰的名词前

Theboywhoyouarelookingfor(inblue,there,standingthere,

dressedinblue)isastudent.

4、零冠词

1)街道、广场、节假日、季节、月份、星期、棋类、球类等

NationalDayNanjingRoad

2)职位充当补语、同位语时

Hewaselectedheadmasteroftheschool.

3)成对出现的成语

arminarm(手挽手),handinhand(手牵手),facetoface,

sidebyside(肩并肩),dayandnight,youngandold,

fromdoortodoor,frommorningtillnight,frombeginningtoend

5、冠词比较

1)gotoschool(hospital,church);inprison(强调用途)

gototheschool,visittheprison(强调建筑物本身)

2)I’llgotherenextFriday.(以说话时间为准)

In1989,hewas28,andthenextyear,hewas29.(以所给时间为准)

3)byair(plane,boat…)inaspaceship(onthebike,onthebus)

4)Openthewindowtoletinfreshair.(泛指)

Theairintheroomisnotfresh.(特指)

5)beattablebeatthetable

6)acupofcoffeeTwocoffees,please.Ilikewhitecoffee.

Thisisaverygoodcoffee.ThecoffeeonthetableisTom’s.

7)Mr.Whiteiswaitingtoseeyou.AMr.Whiteiswaitingtoseeyou.

TheMr.Whiteyouarelookingforiswaitingtoseeyou.

8)Ahorseisausefulanimal.Thehorseisausefulanimal.

Horsesareusefulanimals.

9)thebestseasonoftheyearthebesttimeofyear

 

一、人称代词

1、多个人称代词的排列顺序:

①youandI②heandI③youandhe

④you,heandI⑤you,theyandwe(情况多)

二、指示代词

★that,one,it的区别

①one代替可数名词,表示泛指;theone表示特指;that代替不可数名

词,表示特指;它们都可以代替前面提到的同一类事物;it指前面提到的

同一事物。

●Thereisanoldengineerandayoungonehere.

●Hisattitudetomeisthatofafriend.

●I’velostmypen.Haveyouseenit?

(Haveyoulendmeone?

②the/this/that/these/those+adj.+one/ones

I’lltryonafewoftheseshirts.Pleasepassmethatwhiteone.

③theone后面可以接介词短语或定语从句

●Theboyinyourclassistallerthantheoneinourclass.

●Theskirt(that)shemadeherselfismorebeautifultowearthan

theone(that)sheboughtlastyear.

④one不能代替前面提到的不可数名词

Don’tusepowderedmilk.Usethisfreshmilk.(不可用freshone)

⑤those,ones

●Thesemachinesarebetterthanthosewemadelastyear.

●---I’dlikeapoundofapples.

---Whichones?

---Thered(ones).

●---Whydon’twetakealittlebreak?

---Didn’twejusthave?

(NMET2000)

A.itB.thatC.oneD.this(C)

2、名词性物主代词与of结构连用

Thatbrotherofyourslookshealthy.

Heisanoldfriendofmine.

3、下列结构用the代替物主代词

HepulledJackbythehair(arm).

Hewaswoundedintheleg.

Hewasblindintherighteye.

四、反身代词

1、加强语气(可前可后)

Theheadmasterspoketomehimself.

→Theheadmasterhimselfspoketome.

●Tomfeltthathekneweverybody’sbusinessbetter

thantheyknewit.

A.themselvesB.oneselfC.itselfD.himself

(NMET1996)(A)

2、own:

反身代词无所有格形式,用own表达:

I’dlovetohavemyownroom/aroomofmyown.

五、不定代词

1、everyeach

①every指时间:

everyotherday,

everythreedays=everythirdday

②each放在复数主谓语之间:

Weeachhaveabook.

③each放在句尾:

Shegaveherchildrenanappleeach.

2、some-any-every-no-

①作单数看:

Isthereanyoneherewhoisadoctor?

②不与of连用:

不说 someoneof;nooneof.etc

可说someoneof;noneof,etc.

③+adj./todo(vt.):

Isthereanythingformetositon?

④+else:

Thisisn’tmine.It’ssomeoneelse’s.

3、someany

①表示请求、建议的问句用some

Wouldyoulikesome(more)coffee?

②some+n.(singl.)

Youwillrealizeitsomeday.

③any在肯定句中表示任何一个(无论哪个)

Anychildcananswerthat.

Givemeaplate.Anyone(plate)willdo.

 ④any(some)of+ 限定词 + n.

someoftheoil,anyofmywater

4、bothall

①常用于助动词或情感动词后,但在简答中放在前面

●Thegirlsarebothready.

●---Areyouready?

---Yes,weboth(all)are.

②放在作宾语的宾格代词后面

Hegavesometousall(both).

 ③all单独用,指人时谓语用用复数;指物时谓语用单数

●Allislost.●Allarehere.

5、eitherneither

①either…or;neither…nor作主语,谓语的使用是邻近原则

NeitherhenorIamgoingtoLondon.

 ②作定语,修饰单数名词

Neither(Either)bookissatisfactory.

6、another(the)other(the)others

①another  另外的,另一个的

Pleaseshowmeanother(one).

Doyouneedanothercup?

②another+ 基数词(few)+ n.

Ineedanotherthreedays.(threemoredays)

③(the)other(+n.)(the)other

theothersix(persons)/theothers/theotherday

7、(a)few(a)little

①few的搭配

 ●Wehadagoodfewletterthismorning(很多).

 ●Notafewletterswerewrittentothemagazines.(不少)

●---Howmanydoyouwant?

---Justafew,please.(不多)

quiteafew(相当多)

onlyafew(只有几个,几乎没有)

②little的搭配

 ●There’sonlyalittlesoupleft.

●---Howmuchdoyouwant?

---Justalittle,please.

8、muchmany

①(much/far)toomuchfartoomany

Yoursongotmuch(far)toomuchpocketmoney.

Therearefartoomanyaccidentsatthiscrossing.

②much修饰 ●形容词和副词的比较级或最高级 

●比较级+不可数名词

There’smuch/farlesswaterintheriverthanusual.

 many修饰“比较级+可数名词复数”

Therearemany/farmorepeoplethanIexpected.

9、全部否定与部分否定

①全部否定用词

neithernothingnoonenobodynone

②not与all,both,every,every-连用时表示部分否定

Notallhisworkissuccessful.

形容词、副词、介词

一、形容词

1、多个形容词得排列顺序:

限定词(冠词、物主代词、所有格、序数词)+基数词+描述性形容词

+大小新旧+颜色+产地+物质(材料、用途)+名词

abeautifulnewreddressalittlebrownbox

2、系动词+adj.(除be外的其它连系动词)

Thecakelooksgoodbutittastesawful.

3、subj.+be+adj.+todo(vt.)

Themaniseasytogetalongwith.

Thebedistoosmallforhimtolieon.

4、Itis(was)+adj.+of(for)sb.todosth.

下列形容词后用of:

good,kind,nice,brave,clever,careless,foolish,

silly,stupid,cruel,etc.

其它形容词后用for

5、themoreofthetwo

Heisthestrongerofthetwobrothers.

6、倍数

threetimesasbigas

Thisroomistwicebiggerthanthatone.

threetimesthesizeof

7、比较级和最高级的被修饰

①比较级可以被下列词修饰:

much,far,any,even,still,rather,alittle,

alot,abit,no,byfar

It’snouseaskingme.Idon’tknowanymorethanyou.

②最高级可以被下列词修饰:

much,thevery,byfar

Thiscakeoughttobegood,becauseIusedtheverybestbutter

二、副词

1、程度副词(quite,rather,fairly)

★quite:

不修饰比较级,但:

Heisquitebetter.

●表示程度,和可显示程度的词连用,如:

old,interesting,polite,

tired,etc.

  ●类似completely(完全地)和absolutely(绝对地),和下列词连用,

   如:

perfect,impossible,different,etc. 此时,可修饰adj.,adv.,

v.,等. Thejobisquiteimpossible.

That’snotquitewhatIwant.

★rather:

可与比较级及too连用 ratherolder,rathertoomanypeople

●ratherthan 表示选择,“宁愿(前面)不愿(后面)”

I’dprefertogoinAugustratherthaninJuly.

Idecidedtowriteratherthan(to)telephone.

  ●orrather 表示“更确切地说“

    I’llmeethim,orrather,I’llaskhimtomeetme.

★fairly:

 不可与比较级连用,与积极意义的词连用

 ●强弱程度的顺序:

 very→rather→quite→fairly→not

Thisfilmisverygood.(rathergood胜过多数影片;

quitegood值得一看;fairlygood勉强还可以看看)

2、频度副词(often,usually,always,ever,never,seldom,hardly等放在

行为动词前、系动词及助动词后

Heisalwaysmakingajoke.

●never,hardly,seldom等放在句首时,用倒装

NeverhaveIseenanythingsowonderfulasthat.

●简答中频度副词放在助动词及系动词前

---Heislateagain.---Yes,healwaysis.

3、toomuchmuchtoo

●toomuch①+不可数名词,意思“太多”

  Idrank(farmuch,alot,alittle,rather)toomuchbeerlastnight.

 ②作adv.Youworktoomuch.

③作pro.Toomuchwashappeningallatonce.

●muchtoo+adj.“实在太…”

Youaremuchtookindtome.

基本句型

英语的五种基本句型结构:

★主语+不及物动词(SV)

★主语+连系动词(SVC)

★主语+及物动词+宾语(SVO)

★主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语(SVOD)

★主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语(SVOC)

S+V

Heworks.Heisstudying.

①主语 + 谓语(vi.)+状语(从句)

Thesunsetsinthewest.Hewentnowhere

②主语 + 谓语(vi.)+名词短语

Wehadcomealongway.Hewaited(for)twoyears.

2.S+V+C

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