NGO.docx

NGO.docx

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NGO

Non-governmentalorganization（NGO）isatermthathasbecomewidelyacceptedasreferringtoalegallyconstituted,non-governmentalorganizationcreatedbynaturalorlegalpersonswithnoparticipationorrepresentationofanygovernment.InthecasesinwhichNGOsarefundedtotallyorpartiallybygovernments,theNGOmaintainsitsnon-governmentalstatusandexcludesgovernmentrepresentativesfrommembershipintheorganization.Unlikethetermintergovernmentalorganization,"non-governmentalorganization"isatermingeneralusebutisnotalegaldefinition.Inmanyjurisdictionsthesetypesoforganizationaredefinedas"civilsocietyorganizations"orreferredtobyothernames.

ThenumberofinternationallyoperatingNGOsisestimatedat40,000.[1]Nationalnumbersareevenhigher:

Russiahas277,000NGOs.[2]Indiaisestimatedtohavebetween1millionand2millionNGOs.[3]

History

Internationalnon-governmentalorganizationshaveahistorydatingbacktoatleast1839.[4]Rotary,laterRotaryInternational,（RotaryInternationalistheworld'sfirstservicecluborganization,withmorethan1.2millionmembersin33,000clubsworldwide.Rotaryclubmembersarevolunteerswhoworklocally,regionally,andinternationallytocombathunger,improvehealthandsanitation,provideeducationandjobtraining,promotepeace,anderadicatepoliounderthemottoService）wasfoundedin1904.Ithasbeenestimatedthatby1914therewere1083NGOs.[5]InternationalNGOswereimportantintheanti-slaverymovementandthemovementforwomen'ssuffrage,andreachedapeakatthetimeoftheWorldDisarmamentConference.[6]However,thephrase"non-governmentalorganization"onlycameintopopularusewiththeestablishmentoftheUnitedNationsOrganizationin1945withprovisionsinArticle71ofChapter10oftheUnitedNationsCharter[7]foraconsultativerolefororganizationswhichareneithergovernmentsnormemberstates—seeConsultativeStatus.Thedefinitionof"internationalNGO"（INGO）isfirstgiveninresolution288（X）ofECOSOConFebruary27,1950:

itisdefinedas"anyinternationalorganizationthatisnotfoundedbyaninternationaltreaty".ThevitalroleofNGOsandother"majorgroups"insustainabledevelopmentwasrecognizedinChapter27[8]ofAgenda21,leadingtointensearrangementsforaconsultativerelationshipbetweentheUnitedNationsandnon-governmentalorganizations.[9]

Rapiddevelopmentofthenon-governmentalsectoroccurredinwesterncountriesasaresultoftheprocessesofrestructurizationofthewelfarestate.FurtherglobalisationofthatprocessoccurredafterthefallofthecommunistsystemandwasanimportantpartoftheWashingtonconsensus[10].

Globalizationduringthe20thcenturygaverisetotheimportanceofNGOs.Manyproblemscouldnotbesolvedwithinanation.InternationaltreatiesandinternationalorganizationssuchastheWorldTradeOrganizationwereperceivedasbeingtoocentredontheinterestsofcapitalistenterprises.Somearguedthatinanattempttocounterbalancethistrend,NGOshavedevelopedtoemphasizehumanitarianissues,developmentalaidandsustainabledevelopment.AprominentexampleofthisistheWorldSocialForumwhichisarivalconventiontotheWorldEconomicForumheldannuallyinJanuaryinDavos,Switzerland.ThefifthWorldSocialForuminPortoAlegre,Brazil,inJanuary2005wasattendedbyrepresentativesfrommorethan1,000NGOs.[citationneeded]Somehavearguedthatinforumslikethese,NGOstaketheplaceofwhatshouldbelongtopopularmovementsofthepoor.OthersarguethatNGOsareoftenimperialistinnature,thattheysometimesoperateinaracializedmannerindominantcountries,andthattheyfulfillasimilarfunctiontothatoftheclergyduringthehighcolonialera.ThephilosopherPeterHallwardarguesthattheyareanaristocraticformofpolitics.However,thisphilosophywouldsuggestthatorganizationsofindigenouspeoplesarenotrepresented,whichisuntrue.[11]Whateverthecase,NGOtransnationalnetworkingisnowextensive.

TypesofNGOs

Apartfrom"NGO",oftenalternativetermsareusedasforexample:

independentsector,volunteersector,civilsociety,grassrootsorganizations,transnationalsocialmovementorganizations,privatevoluntaryorganizations,self-helporganizationsandnon-stateactors（NSA's）.

Non-governmentalorganizationsareaheterogeneousgroup.Alonglistofacronymshasdevelopedaroundtheterm"NGO".

Theseinclude:

BINGOisshortforbusiness-orientedinternationalNGO,orbiginternationalNGO;

CSO,shortforcivilsocietyorganization;

DONGO:

DonorOrganizedNGO;

ENGO:

shortforenvironmentalNGO,suchasGlobal2000;

GONGOsaregovernment-operatedNGOs,whichmayhavebeensetupbygovernmentstolooklikeNGOsinordertoqualifyforoutsideaidorpromotetheinterestsofthegovernmentinquestion;

INGOstandsforinternationalNGO;EducationcharterinternationalisaninternationalNGO

QUANGOsarequasi-autonomousnon-governmentalorganizations,suchastheInternationalOrganizationforStandardization（ISO）.（TheISOisactuallynotpurelyanNGO,sinceitsmembershipisbynation,andeachnationisrepresentedbywhattheISOCouncildeterminestobethe'mostbroadlyrepresentative'standardizationbodyofanation.Thatbodymightitselfbeanongovernmentalorganization;forexample,theUnitedStatesisrepresentedinISObytheAmericanNationalStandardsInstitute,whichisindependentofthefederalgovernment.However,othercountriescanberepresentedbynationalgovernmentalagencies;thisisthetrendinEurope.）

TANGO:

shortfortechnicalassistanceNGO;

GSO:

GrassrootsSupportOrganization

MANGO:

shortformarketadvocacyNGO

TherearealsonumerousclassificationsofNGOs.ThetypologytheWorldBankusesdividesthemintoOperationalandAdvocacy:

[13]

TheprimarypurposeofanoperationalNGOisthedesignandimplementationofdevelopment-relatedprojects.Onefrequentlyusedcategorizationisthedivisionintorelief-orientedversusdevelopment-orientedorganizations;theycanalsobeclassifiedaccordingtowhethertheystressservicedeliveryorparticipation;orwhethertheyarereligiousorsecular;andwhethertheyaremorepublicorprivate-oriented.OperationalNGOscanbecommunity-based,nationalorinternational.

TheprimarypurposeofanAdvocacyNGOistodefendorpromoteaspecificcause.Asopposedtooperationalprojectmanagement,theseorganizationstypicallytrytoraiseawareness,acceptanceandknowledgebylobbying,pressworkandactivistevents.

USAIDreferstoNGOsasprivatevoluntaryorganisations.HowevermanyscholarshavearguedthatthisdefinitionishighlyproblematicasmanyNGOsareinfactstateandcorporatefundedandmanagedprojectswithprofessionalstaff.[citationneeded]FurthermoreithasoftenbeenarguedthatUSAIDisinfactakeyarmofAmericanimperialismandthatitsetsupandsupportsNGOsinordertofurtherimperialagendas.[14]

NGOsexistforavarietyofreasons,usuallytofurtherthepoliticalorsocialgoalsoftheirmembersorfunders.Examplesincludeimprovingthestateofthenaturalenvironment,encouragingtheobservanceofhumanrights,improvingthewelfareofthedisadvantaged,orrepresentingacorporateagenda.However,thereareahugenumberofsuchorganizationsandtheirgoalscoverabroadrangeofpoliticalandphilosophicalpositions.Thiscanalsoeasilybeappliedtoprivateschoolsandathleticorganizations

Methods

NGOsvaryintheirmethods.Someactprimarilyaslobbyists,whileothersprimarilyconductprogramsandactivities.Forinstance,anNGOsuchasOxfam,concernedwithpovertyalleviation,mightprovideneedypeoplewiththeequipmentandskillstofindfoodandcleandrinkingwater,whereasanNGOliketheFFDAhelpsthroughinvestigationanddocumentationofhumanrightsviolationsandprovideslegalassistancetovictimsofhumanrightsabuses.Others,suchasAfghanistanInformationManagementServices,providespecializedtechnicalproductsandservicestosupportdevelopmentactivitiesimplementedonthegroundbyotherorganizations.

[edit]Publicrelations

Non-governmentalorganizationsneedhealthyrelationshipswiththepublictomeettheirgoals.Foundationsandcharitiesusesophisticatedpublicrelationscampaignstoraisefundsandemploystandardlobbyingtechniqueswithgovernments.Interestgroupsmaybeofpoliticalimportancebecauseoftheirabilitytoinfluencesocialandpoliticaloutcomes.

[edit]Consulting

ManyinternationalNGOshaveaconsultativestatuswithUnitedNationsagenciesrelevanttotheirareaofwork.Asanexample,theThirdWorldNetworkhasaconsultativestatuswiththeUNConferenceonTradeandDevelopment（UNCTAD）andtheUNEconomicandSocialCouncil（ECOSOC）.Whilein1946,only41NGOshadconsultativestatuswiththeECOSOC,by2003thisnumberhadrisento3,550.

[edit]Projectmanagement

Thereisanincreasingawarenessthatmanagementtechniquesarecrucialtoprojectsuccessinnon-governmentalorganizations.[15]Generally,non-governmentalorganizationsthatareprivatehaveeitheracommunityorenvironmentalfocus.Theyaddressvarietiesofissuessuchasreligion,emergencyaid,orhumanitarianaffairs.Theymobilizepublicsupportandvoluntarycontributionsforaid;theyoftenhavestronglinkswithcommunitygroupsindevelopingcountries,andtheyoftenworkinareaswheregovernment-to-governmentaidisnotpossible.NGOsareacceptedasapartoftheinternationalrelationslandscape,andwhiletheyinfluencenationalandmultilateralpolicy-making,increasinglytheyaremoredirectlyinvolvedinlocalaction.

[edit]Staffing

Notallpeopleworkingfornon-governmentalorganizationsarevolunteers.Thereasonspe