翻译的基本理论术语和几个一般性问题及其常用英文表述.doc

翻译的基本理论术语和几个一般性问题及其常用英文表述.doc

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翻译基本理论术语

翻译的标准Thecriteria（standard）oftranslation

信达雅Fidelity（faithfulness）Fluency（expressiveness）Elegance（flair）

透彻的理解haveathoroughunderstanding

准确的表达precise（accurate）expression

意译free（liberal）translation

直译literaltranslation

死译word-for-wordtranslation

活译dynamicequivalencetranslation

重译repetition

增译（contextual）amplification

减译omission

词类转移conversion

词序调整inversion

分译division

正说反译/反说正译negation

语态变换thechangeofthevoice

归化/异化Foreignizing/Alienation;Domesticating/Adaptation

对等equivalence

形式对等formalcorrespondence

动态（灵活）对等dynamicequivalence

意义对等equivalenceintermsofmeaning

风格对等equivalenceintermsofstyle

意合Parataxis

形合Hypotaxis

欠额翻译（过载翻译）undertranslation（overloadedtranslation）

校核rectification

释义paraphrase

翻译学translatology

翻译科学scienceoftranslating

神似bealikeinspirit（beanexcellentlikeness）

化镜sublimity（perfection）

已入化境reach（attain）perfection

和谐harmonious

和谐一致inperfectharmony

不仅形似而且神似bealikenotonlyinappearance（form）butalsoinspirit

宁信而不雅Itisbettertobefaithfulthantobeelegant

宁顺而不信，宁信而不顺

Itisbettertohaveasmoothversionthanafaithfulone

Ratherbefaithful（inthought）thansmooth（inlanguage）

保持原文的丰姿keepthefullflavoroftheoriginalwork

忠实通顺Faithful（ness）andsmooth（ness）（clearandcoherent）

忠实的译文translationtruetotheoriginal

忠实于原文true（faithful）totheoriginal

句子不通thesentencedoesn’treadsmoothly

他的翻译通顺易懂hisinterpretationiscoherentandintelligible

（泰特勒Tytler提出的）翻译三原则：

1，译文应完整地再现原文的思想内容

Thatthetranslationshouldgiveacompletetranscriptoftheideasoftheoriginalwork

2，译文的风格，笔调应与原文的性质相同

Thatthestyleandmannerofwritingshouldbeofthesamecharacterwiththatoftheoriginal

3，译文应象原文一样自然流畅

Thatthetranslationshouldhavealltheeaseoftheoriginalcomposition

Generallyspeaking,aqualifiedtranslatorshouldhave

1,agoodcommandofthesourcelanguage

2,agoodcommandofthetargetlanguage

3,awiderangeandscopeofknowledge

4,ahighpoliticalconsciousness

5,anecessaryknowledgeofbasictechniques（skills）usedintranslation

翻译的几个一般性问题及其常用英文表述

本材料选自不同翻译论著，全是关于翻译的几个一般性问题的常用英文表述方法，语言较为通俗易懂，在讨论翻译时也较为常用，涉及下面六条内容：

1．何谓翻译

2．外语学习的目的和翻译的重要性

3．译者的必备条件

4．翻译标准

5．直译和意译

6．我国翻译史简介

要说明的是，英文材料的段落后有

（1），

（2），（3），（4）或（5）等编号时，这编号指本章后ReferencesandFurtherReading项下的书目编号，说明此编号前所引引文的出处。

SomeViewsonTranslationinGeneral

1. 1.WhatTranslationIs

Translationisanart,abilingualart.Likepainting,translationenablesustoreproducethefinethoughtofsomebody,notincolors,butinwords,inwordsofadifferentlanguage.Itisnoeasyjob,notsoeasyasitissupposed.Donotthinkthatanyonewhoknowsaforeignlanguage,sayEnglish,caninvariablytranslateandtranslatewell.No,notatall.ManycanspeakandwriteEnglishwell,buttheycannottranslate.AndthisdifficultyisgreatlymultipliedbythewidedifferenceinvocabularyandsentenceconstructionbetweentheOrientalandOccidentallanguages.

Translationisdifficulttobemastered.Manyexperiencedtranslatorscomplainthattheyhavehadinsurmountabledifficultiesintheirwork.Indeed,fewpeoplecantranslateabookwithoutmoreorlessmakingmistakes.Veryfewtranslatedworkscanberecommendedandtakenasmodels.Strangetosay,itisrathereasyforonetotranslateanarticlefromChineseintoEnglishthantotranslateanarticlefromEnglishintoChinese,ifone’sEnglishisgoodenoughtodotranslationwork.

Asweknow,translationisarepresentationorrecreationinonelanguageofwhatiswrittenorsaidinanotherlanguage.Strictlyspeaking,translationisakindofsciencebecauseithasawholesetofrulesgoverningitandcertainobjectivelawstogobyintheprocessoftranslatingjustasothersciencesdo.Fromanartistpointofview,translationisalsoanart,abilingualart,forintranslation,certainskillsandtechniqueareneededinordertoattainclearnessofstyle,andfluencyinlanguage.

EnglishandChinesearetwoentirelydifferentlanguages.Eachhasanindividualanddistinctsystem.Ontheonehand,therearesomesimilaritiesbetweenthetwolanguages,asinthewordorderofsubjectandpredicateandthatoftransitive