At War with the Planet.docx

At War with the Planet.docx

《At War with the Planet.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《At War with the Planet.docx（21页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

AtWarwiththePlanet

LessonPlan

Lesson3

AtWarwiththePlanet

TimeAllocation

12hs

AimsoftheUnit

1.Masterthebackgroundinformation

2.Comprehendthethemeofthetext

3.rhetoricaldevicesandwritingskills

修辞和写作技巧:

熟悉科普议论文的写作手法及段落发展方法

Important&DifficultPoints

1.Languagepointslikethenewwords,phrase,andstructure

2.Graspthemainideaofthetext,thestructure,andsummarizetheideaofeachpart

3.Understandtheviewsoftheauthoraboutthetwoworlds

TeachingMethodsandAids

1.Interactiveteaching

2.Groupwork

3.Reading&discusson

TeachingContents

1.Warm–upQuestions

2.Informationabouttheauthor

3.Detailstudyofthetext

Structureoftheessay

Difficultysentenceandparagraphs

Mainideaofeachpart.

Assignment

Comprehension/ParaphraseTranslationexercises

Reflection

AtWarwiththePlanet

Brainstorming

1.DisastersinTechnosphere['teknəusfiə]

Duststorm,

disafforestation[æ,fɔri'steiʃən]造林,disafforestation['disə,fɔri'steiʃən]砍伐森林

desert['dezət]desertificationdesertification[,dezətifi'keiʃən]

globalwarming,acidrain,meltingglacier['glæsɪə;'gleɪsɪə,storm,drought,flood,mudslide,heatwaves,

redtides[美国英语]【动物学】红潮，赤潮（由于某种产毒双鞭甲藻的聚集而使海岸水面变红）[亦作redwater]

earthquake,tsunami[tsuː'nɑːmɪ]海啸,pollutions（airpollution,waterpollution,noisepollution,whitepollution,AutomobileEngineEmission）

2.SevereEnviromentalProblems

Mammalsarefacingextinction

Freshwaterfish淡水鱼areontheedgeofextinction

Treespeciesarefacingthedangerofextinction

Primitiveforestsareseriouslydamaged

Peopledon’thaveSafedrinkingwater

3.AbouttheAuthor

[美]巴里·康芒纳（BarryCommoner）《封闭的循环》（THECLOSINGCIRCLE）

　——自然、人和技术（NATURE,MANADNTECHNOLOGY）巴里·康芒纳——生物学家、生态学家和教育家，被《时代周刊》称为一个拥有千百万人的课堂的教授；是美国60-70年代在维护人类环境问题上最有见识、最有说服力的代言人。

康芒纳1917年出生于布鲁克林，1937年毕业于哥伦比亚大学，先后获得哈佛大学的生物学硕士和博士学位。

自1947年起，在圣路易斯市的华盛顿大学任教，现已退休，著述甚丰，除《封闭的循环》外，还出版过《科学和生存》等书及数百科科学论文。

康芒纳博士享有多种荣誉称号，是美国科学促进会协会指导委员会成员、科学家公共咨询研究会指导委员会主席和圣路易斯环境咨询委员会主席。

BarryCommoner（bornMay28,1917）isanAmericanbiologist,collegeprofessor,andeco-socialist.HeranforpresidentoftheUnitedStatesinthe1980USpresidentialelectionontheCitizensPartyticket.

CommonerwasborninBrooklyn.Hereceivedhisbachelor’sdegreeinzoology[zuː'ɒlədʒɪ;动物学系fromColumbiaUniversity（1937）andhismaster’sanddoctoraldegreesfromHarvardUniversity（1938,1941）.Afterservingasalieutenantlef'tenənt]海军上尉intheUnitedStatesNavyduringWWII,CommonermovedtoSt.Louis[,seint'lu:

is]andbecameaprofessorofplantphysiology[,fɪzɪ'ɒlədʒɪ生理学；生理机能atWashingtonUniversity,wherehetaughtfor34years.In1966hefoundedtheCenterfortheBiologyofNaturalSystemstostudythescienceofthetotalenvironment.

Duringthelate1950s,Commonerbecameawell-knownprotesteragainstnucleartesting.Hewentontowriteseveralbooksaboutthenegativeecologicaleffectsofabove-groundnucleartesting地上核测试.In1970hereceivedtheInternationalHumanistAwardfromtheInternationalHumanistandEthicalUnion

His1971book,TheClosingCircle,suggestedaleft-wing,eco-socialistresponsetothelimitstogrowththesis,postulatingthatcapitalisttechnologieswerechieflyresponsibleforenvironmentaldegradation,asopposedtopopulationpressures.In1980,hefoundedtheCitizensPartytoserveasavehicleforhisecologicalmessage,andhiscandidacyforPresidentontheCitizensPartyticketwon233,052votes（0.27%ofthetotal）.AfterhisunsuccessfulbidforPresident,CommonerreturnedtoNewYorkCity,andmovedtheCenterfortheBiologyofNaturalSystemstoQueensCollege.Hesteppeddownfromthatpostin2000,andisnowaseniorscientistatQueens.HeisamemberoftheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofscienceandhasastarontheSt.LouisWalkofFame.

CommonercriticizedRonaldReaganandGeorgeBushforregulatingpollutionandnotpreventingit.

FourLawsofEcology

OneofCommoner’slastinglegaciesishisfourlawsofecology,aswritteninTheClosingCirclein1971.Thefourlawsare:

1.EverythingisConnectedtoEverythingElse.Thereisoneecosphereforalllivingorganismsandwhataffectsone,affectsall.1）每一种事物都与别的事物相关

2.EverythingMustGoSomewhere.一切事物都必然要有其去向

Thereisno"waste"innatureandthereisno“away”towhichthingscanbethrown.）

3.NatureKnowsBest.自然界所懂得的是最好的

Humankindhasfashionedtechnologytoimproveuponnature,butsuchchangeinanaturalsystemis,saysCommoner,“likelytobedetrimentaltothatsystem.”

4.ThereIsNoSuchThingasaFreeLunch.没有免费的午餐

Everythingcomesfromsomething.There'snosuchthingasspontaneousexistence.

HisWritings

ScienceandSurvival.NewYork:

Viking,1966.

TheClosingCircle:

Nature,Man,andTechnology.NewYork:

Knopf,1971.

ThePovertyofPower:

EnergyandtheEconomicCrisis.NewYork:

RandomHouse,1976.

ThePoliticsofEnergy.NewYork:

Knopf,1979.

MakingPeacewiththePlanet.NewYork:

Pantheon,1990.

EarthkeeperHero:

BARRYCOMMONER

Inthe1960s,hebecameinvolvedinotherenvironmentalissues;theseincludedpollutionandenergysources. Hegavespeechesandwrotenumerousbooks:

ScienceandSurvival（1967）,TheClosingCircle（1971）,EnergyandHumanWelfare（1975）,ThePovertyofPower（1976）,ThePoliticsofEnergy（1979）,andMakingPeacewiththePlanet（1990）.Amonghisviews,Commonerbelievesthatindustrialmethods,especiallythoseinvolvingfossilfuels,arecausingenvironmentalpollution. Hefeelsstronglythatthequestformaximumprofitcurrentlytakespriorityoverenvironmentalreasoning.Commoneralsobelievesthatitispointlesstotrytoundotheenvironmentaldamagewehavecaused;thisisalosingbattle. Weshouldinsteadfocusonpreventingfuturedestruction;forthemostpart,thesolutiontoenvironmentalproblemsliesinnotdestroyingtheenvironmentinthefirstplace.

Commoner‘ssolutionsformanyproblemsareconsideredradical. Heisastrongadvocateofrenewableenergysources,specificallysolarenergy,whichwoulddecentralize（分散）electricutilitiesandusesunlightasanalternativepowersourceformostenergyconsumers. Tomakethetransitionfromonetotheother,Commonersuggeststhatweusemoderatessuchasmethane'miːθeɪn;（沼气）andmaketheswitchalittleatatime.

Commoneralsohasstrongviewsonsocialcausesofthepresentenvironmentalsituation. Heargues,forexample,thateliminatingThirdWorlddebtpaymentswouldlessentheeconomicgapbetweendevelopedandlessdevelopedcountriesandendthedesperationdespə'reiʃən]thatusuallyresultsindesperationthatusuallyresultsinoverpopulation. Thisdebtforgivenesscouldalsocompensateforpreviousdecadesofdamageinflictedonsuchcountries. Commoneralsocallsforredistributionoftheworld'swealth.

CommonercombinedhissocialistandenvironmentalbeliefsinabriefCitizen'sPartypresidentialcampaignin1980. Forthepastnearlytwentyyears,hehasdirectedtheCenterfortheBiologyofNaturalSystemsatQueensCollegeinNewYorkCity.

BarryCommonerwasaheroinmanyeyes.Hewasanenvironmentalistwhoalertedtheworldaboutsomeofearth’sproblems.HewasalsocalledanEnvironmentalActivist.BarryCommonerwasbornin1917,inBrooklyn,NYwerehewasinterestedscienceandplants.LaterhewenttoColumbiaCollege,wherehestudiedecology,thenwenttoHarvardforgraduateschool.Nowheis88yearsoldandstillconsideredthe“PaulRevereofEcology.”

BarryCommonerdidmanythingsinhislifeforoneherealizedtheproblemscausedbynuclearactivitiesanditsinfluencesontheenvironmentandhumans.Hefoundthatradioactivity“buildsup”inpeopleuntiltheygetsickandusuallydie.Hishelpfulresearchwasrewardedbythenucleartest-bandtreaty.

BarryCommonerwrotemanybooksabouttheenvironmenthislatestcalled“MakingPeacewiththePlanet”isabouttheproblemscausedbypeopleandhowtohelptheearth.ManyyearsafterMr.Commonerdidallofhisresearchontheplanetherealizedsomethinghorrible,unlesspeopledidnothelpmaketheworldabetterplaceitwouldbeunsuitableforhumanlifeinseveralyears.Hisstatementchangedpeople’swaysandmanypeopletookactionthatiswhywearestillallalive.Althoughnotallofourproblemshavebeensolvedyetweneedtokeepworkingtostayaliveonourhomeplanet.

Guidetoreading

1.abridge1.Vtoreducethelengthof（awrittenwork）bycondensingorrewriting（删节）书面作品abridged 删节的；削减的

2.watershedCET6+TEM4（watersheds）

Ifsomethingsuchasaneventisawatershedinthehistoryordevelopmentofsomething,itisveryimportantbecauseitrepresentsthebeginningofanewstageinit.分水岭;转折点

3.profitmargin（profitmargins）

Aprofitmarginisthedifferencebetweenthesellingpriceofaproductandthecostofproducingandmarketingit.利润空间[商业]

例：

Thegrouphadanetprofitmarginof30%lastyear.

该集团去年的净利润空间为30%。

4.remedyIfyouremedysomethingthatiswrongorharmful,youcorrectitorimproveit.补救;纠正;改善

例：

Agreatdealhasbeendoneinternallytoremedythesituation.

内部已经采取了很多措施来挽救局面。

instigateTEM8（instigating,instigated,instigates）

1.V-TSomeonewhoinstigatesaneventcausesittohappen.发起

例：

Hedidnotinstigatethecouporevenknowofitbeforehand.

他没有发起政变，甚至事先都不知道。

GeneralStructure:

PartI（Para.1）

Thisistheintroductoryintrə'dʌktəri]介绍的，引导的，开始的partinwhichtheauthorraisesthethemethatpeopleliveintwoworlds.Likeinlessonone,theauthorcomestothepointrightway.

PartII（Paras.2-5）

Inthispart,theauthorexplainswhythetwoworldsareatwar.

PartIII（Paras.6-9）

Thefirstlawoftheecosphereandthelawgoverningtherelationshipbetweenman-madeobjectsandthesu