翻译 2专业英语论文的写作方法.docx
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翻译2专业英语论文的写作方法
Firstvs.ThirdPerson:
IFthereisonestylisticareawhere
scientificdisciplinesandjournalsvarywidely,itistheuseoffirstvs.thirdpersonconstructions.
若某期刊包含了各学科且期刊风格多样，那么论文既可用第一人称也可用第三人称。
Somedisciplinesandtheirjournalshavemovedawayfromaverystrictadherencetothethirdpersonconstruction,andpermitlimiteduseofthefirstpersoninpublishedpapers.
某些学科及其期刊不再严格使用第一人称，即允许在发表的论文中少量的使用第一人称。
Otherdisciplines,especiallythebiomedicalfields,stillpreferthethirdpersonconstrcution.
其它的一些学科，尤其是生物医学领域，仍坚持使用第三人称。
Limitouruseoffirstpersonconstruction
我们要限制性的使用第一人称。
（“i.e.,”I（orwe）undertookthisstudy……）:
usuallyitismostacceptableintheIntroductionandDiscussionsections,andthenonlytoalimited
extent.（即，我（或我们）从事此研究）：
通常在引言及讨论部分更易被接受，且也是在一定程度上的。
Usefirstpersoninthemethodssparingly,andavoiditsuseintheresults.
在方法这节里也可少量的使用第一人称，而在结果这节中避免使用。
UseActiveVerbs:
Useactiveverbswhenever
Possible；writingthatoverlyusespassive
verbs（is,was,has,have,had）isdeadlytoreadand
almostalwaysresultsinmorewordsthannecessary
tosaythesamething.
使用主动动词：
尽可能的使用主动动词；过量的使用被动动词会是论文晦涩，而且几乎往往叙述同一件事用了更多的词。
Theclarityandeffectivenessofyourwriting
willimprovedramaticallyasyouincreasetheuse
oftheactivevoice.
当你加大使用主动语态的频率时，所写论文将更清晰、更简洁。
Otherspecificcommentsonstylearealso
includedforeachsectionofthepaper.
关于论文文体方面的其它具体的评述也都包含在它的每节中。
Remember:
preciseworduse,pasttense,activevoice,brevity.
记住：
用词准确，用过去时，用主动语态且用词要简洁。
Referencestotheresearchfindingsofothers
areanintegralcomponentofanyresearch
paper.
参考其他人的研究结果在任何科研论文中都必不可少。
Theusualpracticeistosummarizethe
findingorotherinformationinyourownwords
andthencitethesourse.
通常的做法是用你自己的话概括他的研究结果及其他信息并说明出处。
Anyideasorotherinformationthatarenotyourownmustbesubstantiatedbyareferencethatiscitedinthetext.
任何不是你自己的想法和内容都必须用附在文中的参考文献所证明。
Asarule,inresearchpapers,directquotationandfootnotingarenotpracticed-simplyrestatetheauthor′sideasorfindingsinyourownwordsandprovideacitation.
……
通常，在科研论文中，直接引证和脚注都不可取—用你自己的话简要的复述引文的观点和研究结果并提供出处。
WhyaScientificFormat?
为什么论文要有精确的格式？
Thescientificformatmayseemconfusingforthe
beginningsciencewriterduetoitsrigidstructure
whichissodifferentfromwritinginthehumanities.
由于科技论文具有严格的结构，这似乎使初涉科技论文写作的人茫然，而文学写作则不然。
Onereasonforusingthisformatisthatitisameansofefficientlycommunicatingscientificfindingstothebroadcommunityofscientistsinauniformmanner.
原因之一是使用这种严格的格式可有效的用统一的方法将科研成果告知广泛的科研工作者。
Anotherreason,perhapsmoreimportantthanthe
first,isthatthisformatallowsthepaper
tobereadatseveraldifferentlevels.
另一个原因（也许比第一个原因更重要）是该标准格式可使科研工作者不同程度的阅读你的论文。
Forexample,
manypeopleskimTitlestofindoutwhat
informationisavailableonasubject.Othersmayread
onlytitlesandAbstracts.Thosewantingtogo
deepermaylookattheTablesandFiguresinthe
Results,andsoon.
例如：
许多人只是浏览一下题目以便于发现该主题是否可用。
而另一些人仅仅阅读题目和摘要。
而那些想要深入阅读的人会看结果这一节中的表格和图表，等等。
Thetakehomepointhereisthatthescientificformathelpstoinsurethatatwhateverlevelapersonreadsyourpaper（beyondtitleskimming）,theywilllikelygetthekeyresultsandconclusions.
好好想想清楚，精确的格式有助于确保某人在什么程度上阅读你的论文（不仅仅是浏览题目），他们很有可能想得到关键结果和结论。
TheSectionsofthePaper
论文的章节
Mostjournal-stylescientificpapersaresubdividedintothefollowingsections:
大多数期刊型的科技论文分为以下几节：
Title,AuthorsandAffiliation,Abstract,Introduction,Methods,Results,Discussion,Acknowledgments,andLiteratrueCited,whichparalleltheexperimentalprocess.
题目，作者及作者来源，摘要，引言，方法，结果，讨论，致谢及所引用的文献，各节内容是相互并列的。
Thisisthesystemwewilluse.Thiswebsitedescribesthestyle,content,andformatassociatedwitheachsection.
这是我们将使用的体系。
网站上会有每节的风格、内容及格式的叙述。
Thesectionsappearinajournalstylepaperinthefollowingprescribedorder:
各节是按以下顺序出现在期刊论文中：
ExperimentalprocessSectionofPaper
WhatdidIdoinanutshell?
Abstract
概括的说我做了什么？
摘要
Whatistheproblem?
Introduction
需要处理的问题（难题）是什么？
引言
HowdidIsolvetheproblem?
MaterialsandMethods
我如何解决这个问题材料和方法
WhatdidIfindout?
Results
我发现（找出）了什么结果？
结果
Whatdoesitmean?
Discussion
此结果意味着什么？
讨论
Whohelpedmeout?
谁帮助了我
Acknowledgments（optional）
致谢（随意）
WhoseworkdidIreferto?
LiteratureCited
Extrainformation额外的信息Appendices（optional）附录
SectionHeadings:
各节的标题：
MainSectionHeadings:
Eachmainsectionofthepaperbeginswithaheadingwhichshouldbecapitalized,
centeredatthebeginningofthesection,anddouble
-spacedfromthelinesaboveandbelow.Donot
underlinetheheadingorputacolonattheend.
各主要节的标题：
论文的每节都由一个标题开始，该标题应大写，且集中在每节开端，与上下行空两行。
在标题下不要用下划线，也不要在末端用冒号。
Title,Authors′Names,andInstitutionalAffiliations
1.Function:
YourpapershouldbeginwithaTitlethatsuccinctlydescribesthecontentsofthepaper.Usedescriptivewordsthatyouwouldassociatestronglywiththecontentofyourpaper:
themoleculestudied,theorganismusedorstudied,thetreatment,thelocationofafieldsite,theresponsemeasured,etc.Amajorityofreaderswillfindyourpaperviaelectronicdatabasesearchesandthosesearchengineskeyonwordsfoundinthetitle.
2.Format:
Thetitleshouldbecenteredatthetopofpage1（DONOTuseatitlepage-itisawasteofpaperforourpurposes）;thetitleisNOTunderlinedor
italicized.Theauthors′namesandinstitutional
affiliationaredouble-spacedfromandcentered
belowthetitle.Whenmorethantwoauthors,the
namesareseparatedbycommasexceptforthelastwhichisseparatedfromthepreviousnamebytheword“and”.
3.StrategyforWritingTitle
Thetitleisnotasection,butitisnecessaryand
important.Thetitleshouldbeshortandunambiguous,yetbeanadequatedescriptionofthework.Ageneralrule-of-thumbisthatthetitleshouldcontainthekeywordsdescribingtheworkpresented.Rememberthatthetitlebecomesthebasisformoston-linecomputersearches-ifyourtitleisinsufficient,few
peplewillfindorreadyourpaper.
ABSTRACT
1.FUNCTION:
Anabstractsummarizes,inoneparagraph（usually）,themajoraspectsoftheentirepaperinthefollowingprescribedsequence:
thequestion（s）youinvestigated（orpurpose）,（fromIntroduction）statethepurposeveryclearlyinthefirstorsecondsentence.theexperimentaldesignandmethodsused,（fromMethods）clearlyexpressthedesignofthestudy.
Nameorbrieflydescribethebasicmethodologyusedwithoutgoingintoexcessivedetail-besuretoindicatethekeytechniquesused.themajorfindingsincludingkeyquantitativeresults,ortrends（fromResults）reportthoseresultswhichanswerthequestionsyouwereaskingidentifytrends,relativechangeordifferences,etc.abriefsummaryofyourinterpetationsandconclusions,（fromDiscussion）clearlystatetheimplicationsoftheanswersyourresultsgaveyou.WhereastheTitlecanonlymakethesimpleststatementaboutthecontentofyourarticle,
theAbstractallowsyoutoelaboratemoreoneachmajoraspectofthepaper.Thelengthof
yourAbstractshouldbekepttoabout200-300
wordsmaximum（atypicalstandardlengthforjuounals.）Limityourstatementsconcerningeachsegmentofthepaper（i.e.purpose,methods,results,etc.）totwoorthreesentences,ifpossible.The
Abstracthelpsreadersdecidewhethertheywanttoreadtherestofthepaper,oritmaybetheonlyparttheycanobtainviaelectronic
literaturesearchesorinpublishedabstracts.
Therefore,enoughkeyinformation（e.g.,summaryresults,observations,trends,etc）mustbeincludedtomaketheAbstractusefultosomeonewhomaytoreferenceyourwork.
HowdoyouknowwhenyouhaveenoughinformationinyourAbstract?
Asimplerule-of-thumbistothatyouareanotherresearcherdoinganstudysimilartotheoneyouarereporting.IfyourAbstractwastheonlypartofthepaperyoucouldaccess,wouldyoubehappywiththeinformationpresentedthere?
2.Style:
TheAbstractisONLYtext.Usethe
activevoicewhenpossible,butmuchofitmayrequirepassiveconstructions.WriteyourAbstractusingconcise,butcomplete,
sentences,andgettothepointquickly
.Usepasttense.Maximumlengthshould
be200-300words,usuallyinasingleparagraph.TheAbstractSHOULDNOTcontain:
lengthy
backgroundinformation,referencestootherliterature,elliptical（i.e.,endingwith…）or
incompletesentences,abbreviationsortermsthatmaybeconfusingtoreaders,any
sortofillustration,figure,ortable,or
referencestothem.
3Strategy:
Althoughitisthefirstsectionofyourpaper,theAbstract,bydefiniton,mustbewrittenlastsinceitwillsummarizethepaper.TobegincomposingyourAbstract,takewhole
sentencesorkeyphrasesfromeachsectionandputtheminasequencewhichsummarizesthepaper.
Thensetaboutrevisingoraddingwordstomakeitallcohesiveandclear.AsyoubecomemoreproficientyouwillmostlikelycomposetheAbstractfromscratch.Checkyourwork:
Onceyouhavethecompletedabstract,checktomakesurethattheinformationintheabstractcompletelyagreeswithwhatiswritteninthepaper.Confirmthatalltheinformationappearingtheabstractactuallyappearsinthebodyofthepaper.
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