语法全总结 GMAT.docx
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语法全总结GMAT
GMAT个人语法笔记说明
本笔记全面覆盖PREP2008所有知识点,Manhattan所有语法点,新东方丽丽所讲的我个人觉得靠谱的语法点,管卫东语法点以及平时真题时遇到的语法点,有很强的覆盖性!
编撰此笔记旨在方便各位CDer在需要时查询各个知识点并快速定位到相应解释!
时间紧迫的复习者也可直接看此笔记作为复习!
需要提醒各位,GMAC最近加大了逻辑和语义的考察力度,在做题中一定要加强逻辑和语义的判断!
语法只能作为提速和初步判断的工具!
切记!
感谢Chasedream和各位大牛的鼎力支持!
制作时间:
2011年9月18日制作人ID:
Tonytong
Like用法总结
一.Like用法三原则
原则一:
like比较的是名词和名词。
要找准比较对象。
原则二:
Justlike是wordy,like就可以了。
Like**,**also也是redundant。
原则三:
要把like的句子改写成as(连词)引导的从句的话,要补上从句的谓语动词(或助动词),并且该动词和主句的动词应该没有逻辑上的矛盾。
二.Like九条及例题
woodorstone总结得挺好。
我自己也总结了9条,改了改发出来,一家之言,仅供参考。
例子太长,没贴,可根据文中题号,到大全987和og里找到。
1.as作连词,like作介词时,才可表示”象...一样”
2.like和as的优缺点
like优点是,直接接名词,简洁,比as灵活,象得没as那么象。
但有时太灵活以至导致歧义(e.g.,og060.A)。
相比之下as的优点是准确,缺点是过于死板,以致于有时导致逻辑上不通。
(e.g.,og119.C)
3.like常用于比较名词,作独立成分,大部分时候出现在句首。
(e.g.,og091)但like+n.也可作表语(lookslike,readslike(e.g.,大全568)),或普通状语(说普通是区分独立成分)(v.+like+n.,e.g.,og119)。
平时我们说“worklikeadog”,即属此类。
4.当like+n.作状语时,象所有的介词短语作状语一样,要考虑它在句中的位置和用来修饰什么,不可导致歧义。
5.当like+n.作状语时,感觉GMAT接受v.+like+n.,很少用v.+n.+like+n.,除非是固定用法(如:
treat...like...(大全310))。
例如下面的句子,GMAT会认为confusing:
Tomdriveshiscarlikeatank.(drivelikeatank,orcarlikeatank?
)
6.like,as,和asif。
当用as和like都感觉不舒服时,用asif+虚拟语气,尤其用于和假设的事物或事实比较。
如上面的句子用as不行,因为Tomdriveshiscarashedrivesatank。
显然不妥,因为Tom未必开坦克。
但可以这么说:
Tomdriveshiscarasifitwereatank。
(大全310)
7."n1,liken2"和"n1,suchasn2"。
表“比如...”,只能用suchas;而表“象...”时,用like。
或说,当n2是n1的子集时,用suchas;当n1和n2为平行可比物时,用like。
记住suchas一般对,也小心“大全229”那样的陷阱。
8."likethis/these"和"sth.ofthiskind",改成"such+n."(e.g.,大全792)
9.like和unlike。
unlike只作独立成分和表语,没见过unlike作普通状语。
Heworksunlikeadog(别扭)。
注意"isnotunlike"表强调,不要改成"islike"。
(e.g.,og051)
例:
og091:
like独立成分,平行比较
og060,大全844,大全045:
like歧义
og119/og189:
v.+like普通状语,as过于死板
大全310/大全973:
asif,treat...like
大全568:
系表结构,readlike...
大全792:
likethese=>such+n.
大全229:
表“象..”,用like,不用suchas
og208:
表“比如...”,只能用suchas,不用like
三.OG对like的讲解
1.Likemanyself-taughtartists,PerleHessingdidnotbegintopaintuntilshewaswellintomiddleage.
(A)Like
(B)Ashave
(C)Justaswith
(D)Justlike(A)
(E)Asdid
ChoiceA,thebestanswer,isconciseandgrammaticallycorrect,usingthecomparativeprepositionliketoexpressthecomparisonbetweenmanyself-taughtartistsandPerleHessing.ChoicesBandE,whichreplaceA’sprepositionalphrasewithclausesintroducedbyas,useauxiliaryverbsthatcannotproperlybecompletedbyanypartoftheverbphraseinthemainclause:
neitherhave...didnotbeginnordid...didnotbeginislogicallyorgrammaticallysound.InCandD,JustaswithandJustlikearebothunnecessarywordy.
2.LikeAuden,thelanguageofJamesMerrillischatty,arch,andconversational—giventocomplexsyntacticflightsaswellastoprosaicfree-versestrolls.
(A)LikeAuden,thelanguageofJamesMerrill
(B)LikeAuden,JamesMerrill’slanguage
(C)LikeAuden’s,JamesMerrill’slanguage
(D)AswithAuden,JamesMerrill’slanguage(C)
(E)AsisAuden’sthelanguageofJamesMerrill
AtissueisacomparisonofAuden’slanguagewithMerrill’slanguage.OnlyC,thebestchoice,usestheellipticallikeAuden’s(languagebeingunderstood),tocompareAuden’slanguagewithMerrill’slanguage.A,B,andDcompareAuden(theperson)withMerrill’slanguage.ChoiceEisawkwardandunidiomatic.
3.Liketheirmalecounterparts,womenscientistsareaboveaverageintermsofintelligenceandcreativity,butunlikemenofscience,theirfemalecounterpartshavehadtoworkagainstthegrainofoccupationalstereotypingtoentera“man’sworld.”
(A)theirfemalecounterpartshavehadtowork
(B)theirproblemisworking
(C)onethingtheyhavehadtodoiswork
(D)thehandicapwomenofsciencehavehadistowork(E)
(E)womenofsciencehavehadtowork
Eisthebestchoice.Themeaningiscleardespitetherelativecomplexityofthesentence,thecomparisonofwomenwithmenislogical,andparallelismismaintainedthroughout.InA,theconstructionunlikemenofscience,theirfemalecounterpartsviolatesrulesofparallelismandsyntax.Itwouldbestberenderedasunlikemenofscience,womenofscience....ChoiceBincorrectlysuggeststhatacomparisonisbeingmadebetweenmenofscienceanda.problemfacedbyfemalescientists.InC,thelengthyseparationbetweenwomenandtheymakesthepronounreferencevague,andthecomparisonbetweenmenofscienceandonething(ratherthanwomenofscience)isfaulty.Thephrasingisunnecessarilywordyaswell.ChoiceDintroducesunnecessaryredundancyandawkwardnesswiththeconstructionthehandicapwomen...havehadistowork.ChoiceDalsoincorrectlycomparesmalescientistswithahandicapfacedbyfemalescientists.
4. LikeRousseau,Tolstoirebelledagainsttheunnaturalcomplexityofhumanrelationsinmodernsociety.
(A)LikeRousseau,Tolstoirebelled
(B)LikeRousseau,Tolstoi’srebellionwas
(C)AsRousseau,Tolstoirebelled
(D)AsdidRousseau,Tolstoi’srebellionwas(A)
(E)Tolstoi’srebellion,asRousseau’s,was
InchoiceA,thebestanswer,aclearandlogicalcomparisonismadebetweenRousseauandTolstoi.ChoiceBillogicallycomparesaperson,Rousseau,toanevent,Tolstoi’srebellion.Also,Tolstoi’srebellionwasagainstislessdirectthanTolstoirebelledagainst.InsertingdidafterAswouldmakeCgrammatical.BecauseAsisaconjunction,itmustintroduceaclause;hencethenounRousseaumusthaveaverb.ChoiceDcomparesanimpliedaction(AsdidRousseau)withanoun(Tolstoi’srebellion).ChoiceEisawkwardlyformed,andlikeisneededinplaceofastocomparetwonouns(rebellionisunderstoodafterRousseau’s).Also,Tolstoi’srebellion...wasagainstislessdirectthanTolstoirebelledagainst.
5.LiketheonereputedtoliveinLochNess,alsoaninlandlakeconnectedtotheoceanbyariver,inhabitantsoftheareaaroundLakeChamplainclaimsightingsofalongandnarrow“seamonster.”
(A)LiketheonereputedtoliveinLochNess,alsoaninlandlakeconnectedtotheoceanbyariver,inhabitantsoftheareaaroundLakeChamplainclaimsightingsofalongandnarrow“seamonster.
(B)InhabitantsoftheareaaroundLakeChamplainclaimsightingsofalongandnarrow“seamonster”similartotheonereputedtoliveinLochNess,which,likeLakeChamplain,isaninlandlakeconnectedtotheoceanbyariver.
(C)InhabitantsoftheareaaroundLakeChamplainclaimsightingsofalongandnarrow“seamonster”similartoLochNess’s,which,likeLakeChamplain,isaninlandlakeconnectedtotheoceanbyariver.
(D)LikeLochNess’reputedmonster,inhabitantsoftheareaaroundLakeChamplain,alsoaninlandlakeconnectedtotheoceanbyariver,claimsightingsofalongandnarrow“seamonster.”(B)
(E)SimilartothatreputedtoliveinLochNess,inhabitantsoftheareaaroundLakeChamplain,alsoaninlandlakeconnectedtotheoceanbyariver,claimsightingsofalongandnarrow“seamonster.”
ChoiceA,DandEillogicallycomparethemonsterreputedtoliveinLochNesstotheinhabitantsoftheareaaroundLakeChamplain,nottothemonsterthatsomelocalinhabitantsclaimtohavesighted.Furthermore,inEthephraseSimilartothatreputedtoliveinLochNessisneedlesslywordyandindirect.CisfaultybecausethepronounwhichwouldrefertoLochNess,nottothe“seamonster”similartoLochNess’s.B,thebestchoice,useswhichcorrectlyandmakesalogicalcomparison.Thequestionisalittleeasierthanmiddledifficulty.
6. LikeByronatMissolonghi,JackLondonwasslowlykilledbythemistakesofthemedicalmenwhotreatedhim.
(A)LikeByron
(B)LikeByron’sdeath
(C)JustasByrondied
(D)SimilartoByron(A)
(E)AsdidByron
ChoiceAcorrectlycomparestwopersons,ByronandJackLondon.ChoiceBillogicallycomparesByron’sdeathtoLondon.ChoiceCdoesnotcompareonepersontoanotherandcouldbereadassayingJustatthetimethatByrondied.ChoiceDmisstatestheidea:
thepointisnotthatLondonwassimilartoByronbutthathewaslikeByroninthemannerofhisdeath.InchoiceE,didcannotgrammaticallybesubstitutedforwasinthephrasewasslowlykilled.Thisquestionisalittlemoredifficultthantheaverage.
7. LikeHaydn,Schubertwroteagreatdealforthestage,butheisrememberedprincipallyforhischamberandconcert-hallmusic.
(A)LikeHaydn,Schubert
(B)LikeHaydn,Schubertalso
(C)AshasHaydn,Schubert
(D)AsdidHaydn,Schubertalso(A)
(E)AsHaydndid,Schubertalso
ChoiceAiscorrect.InB,alsoisredundantafterLike,whichestablishesthesimilaritybetweenHaydnandSchubert.AsinchoicesC,D,andEisnotidiomaticinacomparisonofpersons;hasinCwronglysuggeststhattheactionwasrecentlycompleted;andalsoinDandEissuperfluous.Thisquestionisalittlemoredifficultthantheaverage.
三.大全like题目练习
1. LikeByronatMissolonghi,JackLondonwasslowlykilledbythemistakesofthemedicalmenwhotreatedhim.
(A)LikeByron
(B)LikeByron’sdeath
(C)JustasByrondied
(D)SimilartoByron(A)
(E)AsdidByron
2. LikeEdvardGrieg,whomtheScandinavianslongrefusedtorecognize,theItalians’disregardforVerdipersistedforadecadeafterhiscriticalacclaiminFranceandAustria.
(A)LikeEdvardGrieg,whomtheScandinavianslongrefusedtorecognize,
(B)LikeEdvardGrieg,whotheScandinavianslongrefusedtorecognize,
(C)JustasEdvardGriegwaslongrefusedrecognitionbytheScandinavians,
(D)JustastheScandinavianslongrefusedtorecognizeEdvardGrieg,so(E)
(E)LiketheScandinavians’longrefusaltorecognizeEdvardGrieg,
3. LikeHaydn,Schubertwroteagreatdealforthestage,butheisrememberedprincipallyforhischamberandconcert-hallmusic.
(A)LikeHaydn,Schubert
(B)LikeHaydn,Schuber